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Shloka 41

Varṇa-dharma and Rājadharma: Yudhiṣṭhira’s Inquiry and Bhīṣma’s Normative Outline (वर्णधर्म-राजधर्म-प्रश्नोत्तरम्)

रथा नागा हयाश्रैव पादाताश्वैव पाण्डव | विष्टिनविश्चराश्वैव देशिका इति चाष्टमम्‌

rathā nāgā hayāś caiva pādātāś caiva pāṇḍava | viṣṭinaviś carāś caiva deśikā iti cāṣṭamam ||

بھیشم نے کہا—اے پاندَو! رتھ والے، ہاتھیوں کے جنگجو، گھڑ سوار اور پیادے؛ نیز وِشٹی (جبری مشقت کرنے والے/لَیوی)، چَر (گشت کرنے والے یا بےقاعدہ دستے) اور دیشِک (مقامی رہنما)—یہ بھی شمار ہوتے ہیں؛ یہی آٹھواں زمرہ ہے۔

रथाःchariots
रथाः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootरथ
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
नागाःelephants
नागाः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootनाग
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
हयाःhorses
हयाः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootहय
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
एवindeed/just
एव:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootएव
पादाताःfoot-soldiers/infantry
पादाताः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootपादात
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
एवindeed/just
एव:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootएव
पाण्डवO Pāṇḍava (son of Pāṇḍu)
पाण्डव:
TypeNoun
Rootपाण्डव
FormMasculine, Vocative, Singular
विष्टिनविःviṣṭinavi (a class/name of troops/people; uncertain)
विष्टिनविः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootविष्टिनवि
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
चराःspies/scouts
चराः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootचर
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
एवindeed/just
एव:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootएव
देशिकाःguides/local guides
देशिकाः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootदेशिक
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
इतिthus
इति:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootइति
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
अष्टमम्the eighth (item/category)
अष्टमम्:
Karma
TypeAdjective
Rootअष्टम
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular

भीष्म उवाच

B
Bhīṣma
P
Pāṇḍava (Yudhiṣṭhira)
R
ratha (chariot corps)
N
nāga (elephant corps)
H
haya (cavalry)
P
pādāta (infantry)
V
viṣṭi (forced labor/levy)
C
carāḥ (scouts/irregulars)
D
deśikāḥ (local guides)

Educational Q&A

Bhīṣma classifies the functional components of an army beyond the four standard arms (chariots, elephants, cavalry, infantry), emphasizing that logistics, scouts/irregulars, and local guides are also essential to effective and responsible kingship (rājadharma).

In Śānti Parva, Bhīṣma instructs Yudhiṣṭhira on rājadharma. Here he enumerates categories within an army, adding support and intelligence elements—viṣṭi, carāḥ, and deśikāḥ—completing an ‘eighth’ division in his scheme.