Shloka 2

Adhyaya 71 — Madhu-Kaitabha

Sanskrit

अनर्घयोग्यता कष्टं स मामाह महामनाः ।

वैकल्यं विप्रमुद्दिश्य तथाहायं निशाचरः ॥

Transliteration

anarghayogyatā kaṣṭaṃ sa mām āha mahāmanāḥ / vaikalyaṃ vipram uddiśya tathāha ayaṃ niśācaraḥ

Translation

“Isang masakit na kawalang-karapat-dapat para sa gayong marangal na tao!”—gayon nagsalita sa akin ang dakilang-loob na lalaki, itinuturo ang kakulangan ng brāhmaṇa; at gayon din ang nagsalita ang gumagala sa gabi (rākṣasa).

Word by Word

• अनर्घयोग्यता: fitness for something priceless (i.e., being worthy)
• अनर्घयोग्यता: Karta (कर्ता/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: अनर्घ-योग्यता (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग (Feminine), प्रथमा-विभक्ति (Nominative/1st), एकवचन (Singular); षष्ठी-तत्पुरुषः (genitive-determinative): अनर्घस्य योग्यता

• कष्टम्: difficult, painful
• कष्टम्: Karta (कर्ता/Subject-complement)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: कष्ट (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग (Neuter), प्रथमा-विभक्ति (Nominative/1st), एकवचन (Singular); विधेय-विशेषण (predicative adjective)

• सः: he
• सः: Karta (कर्ता/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: तद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग (Masculine), प्रथमा-विभक्ति (Nominative/1st), एकवचन (Singular)

• माम्: me
• माम्: Karma (कर्म/Direct object)
• Type: Noun
• Root: अस्मद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: द्वितीया-विभक्ति (Accusative/2nd), एकवचन (Singular)

• आह: said, spoke
• आह: Kriyā (क्रिया/Verbal action)
• Type: Verb
• Root: अह् (धातु)
• Form: लिट्-लकार (Perfect), प्रथम-पुरुष (3rd person), एकवचन (Singular); परस्मैपद

• महामनाः: great-minded
• महामनाः: Karta (कर्ता/Subject-qualifier)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: महामनस् (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग (Masculine), प्रथमा-विभक्ति (Nominative/1st), एकवचन (Singular); बहुव्रीहिः: महत् मनः यस्य सः

• वैकल्यम्: defect, impairment
• वैकल्यम्: Karma (कर्म/Object of gerund)
• Type: Noun
• Root: वैकल्य (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग (Neuter), द्वितीया-विभक्ति (Accusative/2nd), एकवचन (Singular)

• विप्रम्: the brahmin
• विप्रम्: Karma (कर्म/Object of gerund)
• Type: Noun
• Root: विप्र (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग (Masculine), द्वितीया-विभक्ति (Accusative/2nd), एकवचन (Singular)

• उद्दिश्य: having pointed out / intending
• उद्दिश्य: Kriyā (क्रिया/Converb)
• Type: Verb
• Root: उद्-√दिश् (धातु)
• Form: क्त्वान्त-अव्यय (Gerund/Absolutive): ‘having indicated/aimed at’; उपसर्ग: उद्

• तथा: thus, in that manner
• तथा: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Adverbial)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: तथा (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय (indeclinable), क्रियाविशेषण (adverb)

• आह: said
• आह: Kriyā (क्रिया/Verbal action)
• Type: Verb
• Root: अह् (धातु)
• Form: लिट्-लकार (Perfect), प्रथम-पुरुष (3rd person), एकवचन (Singular); परस्मैपद

• अयम्: this (one)
• अयम्: Karta (कर्ता/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: इदम् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग (Masculine), प्रथमा-विभक्ति (Nominative/1st), एकवचन (Singular)

• निशाचरः: the night-roamer (demon)
• निशाचरः: Karta (कर्ता/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: निशाचर (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग (Masculine), प्रथमा-विभक्ति (Nominative/1st), एकवचन (Singular); षष्ठी/सप्तमी-तत्पुरुष-समासः (night-goer): निशायां चरति

Speakers

• King (recounting) within Markandeya’s narration; references to a “great-minded” person and the rākṣasa’s statement

Key Themes

• Conscience and guilt
• Fitness/unfitness (yogyatā)
• Concern for brāhmaṇa welfare
• Moral injury

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

The king internalizes the critique: dharma is not only outward correction but also recognition of one’s lapse and its impact on the vulnerable (here, the brāhmaṇa).

How does this fit the Pancalakshana (5 characteristics)?

Ethical instruction embedded in manvantara narrative; not a genealogical vaṃśa list but a dharma-illustration within that epochal setting.

What is the esoteric significance?

‘Deficiency’ (vaikalya) can be read as a symbol of incomplete discernment; the episode pushes the ruler toward wholeness through counsel from a seer.