Shloka 43

Adhyaya 49 — Primordial Human Creation, the Rise of Desire, and the Origins of Settlements, Measures, and Agriculture

Sanskrit

ग्रामं सघोषविन्यासं तेषु चावसथान् पृथक् ।

सोत्सेधवप्रकारञ्च सर्वतः परिखावृतम् ॥

Transliteration

grāmaṃ saghoṣa-vinyāsaṃ teṣu cāvasathān pṛthak | sotsedha-vapra-kāraṃ ca sarvataḥ parikhā-vṛtam ||

Translation

“Ang grāma (nayon) ay inaayos kasama ng mga ghoṣa (mga purok/hamlet) at ng mga hiwa-hiwalay na tahanan sa loob ng mga ito; may mataas na pilapil at pader na nakapalibot, at napapaligiran sa lahat ng panig ng isang moat o kanal.”

Word by Word

• ग्रामम्: a village
• ग्रामम्: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: ग्राम (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, द्वितीया-विभक्ति, एकवचन

• स-घोष-विन्यासम्: having an arranged settlement with sounds/clamor
• स-घोष-विन्यासम्: Visheshana (विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: स (अव्यय-उपसर्गसदृश) + घोष + विन्यास (प्रातिपदिक; समास)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, द्वितीया-विभक्ति, एकवचन; उपपद-तत्पुरुष/बहुव्रीहिसदृश प्रयोग: 'घोषविन्यासयुक्तम्' (having arrangement with sounds/clamor)

• तेषु: among/in those
• तेषु: Adhikarana (अधिकरण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: तद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुं/नपुंसक, सप्तमी-विभक्ति (अधिकरण), बहुवचन

• च: and
• च: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/समुच्चय)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: समुच्चय-अव्यय (conjunction)

• आवसथान्: dwellings/abodes
• आवसथान्: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: आवसथ (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, द्वितीया-विभक्ति, बहुवचन

• पृथक्: separately
• पृथक्: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: पृथक् (अव्यय)
• Form: प्रकार/विभागवाचक-अव्यय (adverb: separately)

• स-उत्सेध-वप्र-कारम्: having elevated ramparts and walls
• स-उत्सेध-वप्र-कारम्: Visheshana (विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: स (अव्यय) + उत्सेध + वप्र + कार (प्रातिपदिक; समास)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, द्वितीया-विभक्ति, एकवचन; 'उत्सेधयुक्त-वप्र-प्राकारयुक्तम्' (with raised rampart and enclosing wall)

• च: and
• च: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/समुच्चय)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: समुच्चय-अव्यय

• सर्वतः: on all sides
• सर्वतः: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: सर्वतः (अव्यय)
• Form: दिक्/पर्यायवाचक-अव्यय (adverb: on all sides)

• परिखा-आवृतम्: surrounded by a moat
• परिखा-आवृतम्: Visheshana (विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: परिखा + आवृत (कृदन्त; √वृ (वृञ्) + आ- उपसर्ग, क्त)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया-विभक्ति, एकवचन; क्त-प्रत्ययान्त (past passive participle): 'परिखया आवृतम्'

Speakers

• Not explicitly indicated in the provided excerpt

Verse Rasa

{ "primaryRasa": "shanta", "secondaryRasa": "vira", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

Key Themes

• Village planning
• Defense works
• Community organization

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

Safety, order, and clear habitation boundaries are treated as part of dharma: protecting people and resources is a legitimate, organized civic aim.

How does this fit the Pancalakshana (5 characteristics)?

Sthiti: guidance for sustaining settled life (habitation, protection, arrangement), not mythic lineage or dissolution.

What is the esoteric significance?

Moat and rampart can symbolize inner safeguards—ethical boundaries and vigilance that protect the ‘village’ of one’s mind from disruptive forces.