Markandeya Purana — Adhyaya 31, Shloka 28

Adhyaya 31 — Naimittika and Related Śrāddha Rites: Sapiṇḍīkaraṇa, Eligibility, Timing, and Procedure

Sanskrit

कन्यादूषयिता वैद्यो गुरुपित्रोस्तथोज्झकः ।

भृतकाध्यापकोऽमित्रः परपूर्वापतिस्तथा ॥

Transliteration

kanyādūṣayitā vaidyo gurupitrostathojjhakaḥ | bhṛtakādhyāpako 'mitraḥ parapūrvāpatistathā ||

Translation

Ang sumisira sa dangal ng isang dalaga; ang manggagamot (bilang hanapbuhay, sa kontekstong ito itinuturing na di-angkop sa ritwal); ang tumatalikod sa guro o ama; ang nagtuturo kapalit ng upa; ang kaaway; at ang kumuha sa dating asawa ng ibang lalaki—ang mga ganitong tao ay dapat iwasan (sa mga ritong kaugnay ng śrāddha).

Word by Word

• कन्या-दूषयिता: one who defiles a maiden
• कन्या-दूषयिता: कर्ता (Karta/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: कन्या (प्रातिपदिक) + दूषयितृ (कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिक, √दूष् धातु)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st), एकवचन; कृदन्त: तृच्/तृन्-प्रत्ययान्त कर्तृवाचक (agent noun) — Masculine, Nominative singular; agent-noun ‘one who defiles’

• वैद्यः: a physician
• वैद्यः: कर्ता (Karta/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: वैद्य (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st), एकवचन — Masculine, Nominative singular

• गुरु-पित्रोः: of (his) teacher and father
• गुरु-पित्रोः: सम्बन्ध (Sambandha/Genitive relation)
• Type: Noun
• Root: गुरु (प्रातिपदिक) + पितृ (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, षष्ठी (6th), द्विवचन — Masculine, Genitive dual; dvandva ‘of (his) teacher and father’

• तथा: also/likewise
• तथा: सम्बन्ध/क्रियाविशेषण (Adverbial)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: तथा (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; प्रकारवाचक क्रियाविशेषण — Indeclinable adverb ‘likewise/also’

• उज्झकः: one who abandons/neglects (esp. prescribed duties)
• उज्झकः: कर्ता (Karta/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: उज्झक (प्रातिपदिक; √उज्झ्/उत्सृज् धातु-सम्बद्ध)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st), एकवचन — Masculine, Nominative singular

• भृतक-अध्यापकः: a hired teacher
• भृतक-अध्यापकः: कर्ता (Karta/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: भृतक (प्रातिपदिक) + अध्यापक (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st), एकवचन — Masculine, Nominative singular; तत्पुरुष: भृतकस्य अध्यापकः ‘teacher for hire’

• अमित्रः: an enemy/hostile person
• अमित्रः: कर्ता (Karta/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: अमित्र (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st), एकवचन — Masculine, Nominative singular

• पर-पूर्व-आपतिः: one who has illicit prior access to another’s woman (adulterer)
• पर-पूर्व-आपतिः: कर्ता (Karta/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: पर (प्रातिपदिक) + पूर्व (प्रातिपदिक) + आपति (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st), एकवचन — Masculine, Nominative singular; तत्पुरुष: परस्य पूर्व-आपतिः ‘one who approaches another’s wife first/one who has illicit prior access’ (sense: adulterer)

• तथा: also
• तथा: सम्बन्ध/क्रियाविशेषण (Adverbial)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: तथा (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; समुच्चय/पुनरुक्ति — Indeclinable ‘also’

Speakers

• Didactic narrator within the Purāṇic discourse (Śrāddha injunctions; frame-speaker not explicit in the given excerpt)

Verse Rasa

{ "primaryRasa": "dharma", "secondaryRasa": "raudra", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

Key Themes

• Dharma
• Pitṛ Pūjā
• Śrāddha
• Ritual purity and eligibility

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

Śrāddha is framed as an ethically charged rite: the performer must honor ancestors through restraint and by choosing recipients whose conduct supports dharma. The exclusions emphasize sexual ethics, loyalty to elders/teachers, and integrity in learning.

How does this fit the Pancalakshana (5 characteristics)?

This passage belongs to āchāra/dharma instruction (not directly to sarga/pratisarga/vaṃśa/manvantara/vaṃśānucarita), functioning as ancillary dharma material within the Purāṇa.

What is the esoteric significance?

The ‘fitness’ of the recipient symbolizes the vessel-like nature of ritual transmission: offerings meant to elevate the pitṛs should pass through a mind-and-conduct aligned channel; adharma is portrayed as causing the rite to lose its intended subtle efficacy.