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Shloka 41

त्रिवर्गमूलनिश्चयः — Determining the Roots of Dharma, Artha, and Kāma

Mahābhārata, Śānti-parva 123

व्यद्भत्वं व शरीरस्य वधो नाल्‍्पस्य कारणात्‌ । शरीरपीडास्तास्ताश्च देहत्यागो विवासनम्‌

vyadbhutvaṃ ca śarīrasya vadho nālpasya kāraṇāt | śarīrapīḍās tāstāś ca dehatyāgo vivāsanam ||

Sinabi ni Vasuharoma: Sa isang munting pagkakasala, hindi nararapat na pilayin o putulin ang bahagi ng katawan ng tao, ni hindi nararapat na patayin siya. Hindi rin nararapat na pahirapan siya sa iba’t ibang anyo ng pagpapahirap sa katawan, itulak hanggang sa mapilitang isuko ang buhay, o ipatapon mula sa lupain. Ang parusa ay dapat naaayon at makatao, lalo na sa pamamahala sa mga nasasakupan.

व्यद्भत्वम्mutilation / dismemberment
व्यद्भत्वम्:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootव्यद्भत्व (प्रातिपदिक)
FormNeuter, Nominative, Singular
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
शरीरस्यof the body
शरीरस्य:
TypeNoun
Rootशरीर
FormNeuter, Genitive, Singular
वधःkilling / execution
वधः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootवध
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
not
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
अल्पस्यof a small (offence)
अल्पस्य:
TypeAdjective
Rootअल्प
FormMasculine/Neuter, Genitive, Singular
कारणात्because of / on account of
कारणात्:
Apadana
TypeNoun
Rootकारण
FormNeuter, Ablative, Singular
शरीरपीडाःbodily tortures / physical afflictions
शरीरपीडाः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootशरीरपीडा
FormFeminine, Nominative, Plural
ताःthose
ताः:
TypePronoun
Rootतद्
FormFeminine, Nominative, Plural
ताःthose (various)
ताः:
TypePronoun
Rootतद्
FormFeminine, Nominative, Plural
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
देहत्यागःabandoning the body / forced suicide
देहत्यागः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootदेहत्याग
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
विवासनम्banishment / expulsion
विवासनम्:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootविवासन
FormNeuter, Nominative, Singular

वसुहरोम उवाच

वसुहरोम (Vasuharoma)
प्रजा (subjects/people)

Educational Q&A

Punishment should be proportionate to the offence; for minor faults, extreme penalties—mutilation, execution, torture, coercing death, or banishment—are unethical and contrary to righteous governance.

In the Shanti Parva’s rājadharma discussion, Vasuharoma articulates a standard for kings and rulers: they must not respond to small transgressions with harsh, violent punishments that destroy a subject’s body, life, or livelihood.