Sutra 8

Devanagari script

मध्ये चान्ते च स्थानवानात्मधारणः परधारणश्चापदि स्वारक्षः स्वाजीवः शत्रुद्वेषी शक्यसामन्तः पङ्कपाषाणोषरविषमकण्टकश्रेणीव्यालमृगाटवीहीनः कान्तः सीताखनिद्रव्यहस्तिवनवान् गव्यः पौरुषेयो गुप्तगोचरः पशुमानदेवमातृको वारिस्थलपथाभ्यामुपेतः सारचित्रबहुपण्यो दण्डकरसहः कर्मशीलकर्षकोऽबालिशस्वाम्यवरवर्णप्रायो भक्तशुचिमनुष्य इति जनपदसम्पत् ॥ कZ_०६.१.०८ ॥

Transliteration

madhye cānte ca sthānavān ātmadhāraṇaḥ paradhāraṇaś cāpadi svārakṣaḥ svājīvaḥ śatrudveṣī śakyasāmantaḥ paṅkapāṣāṇoṣaraviṣamakaṇṭakaśreṇīvyālamṛgāṭavīhīnaḥ kāntaḥ sītākhanidravyahastivanavān gavyaḥ pauruṣeyo guptagocaraḥ paśumān adevamātṛko vāristhalapathābhyām upetaḥ sāracitrabahupaṇyo daṇḍakarasahaḥ karmaśīlakarṣako'bāliśasvāmyavaravarṇaprāyo bhaktaśucimanuṣya iti janapadasampat

Translation

Ang kahusayan ng kanayunan/kaharian (janapada-sampat) ay ito: may matitibay na pamayanan sa gitna at sa mga hangganan; kayang tustusan ang sarili at makasuporta rin sa iba; sa panahon ng sakuna ay kayang ipagtanggol ang sarili at panatilihin ang kabuhayan; laban sa kaaway at may mga piyudal na pinunong madaling pamahalaan; walang latian, batuhan, maalat na tigang na lupain, magaspang na lupa, matinik na lugar, mga hanay ng tulisan, at mga gubat na puno ng mababangis na hayop; kaaya-aya; may mga lupang sakahan ng korona (sīta), mga minahan at yamang materyal, pati mga gubat ng elepante; may mga baka; may mamamayang malakas at may kakayahan; may mga lihim na daan/lupang angkop para sa gawaing paniktik; sagana sa alagang hayop at hindi labis na umaasa sa paliwanag na “tadhana ng mga diyos” (praktikal ang pananaw); may tubig, matibay na lupa, at mga daan; may mahahalaga, sari-sari, at masaganang kalakal; kayang pasanin ang buwis at mga parusa; masisipag na magsasaka ang mga tao; hindi pinaghaharian ng mga hangal na panginoon at karamihan ay mula sa kagalang-galang na uri; at binubuo ng mga taong tapat at malinis/maayos—ito ang janapada-sampat.

Word by Word

मध्येin the middle (of the country)

चand

अन्तेat the end / on the border

चand

स्थानवान्having settlements/established sites

आत्मधारणःself-sustaining / able to support itself

परधारणःable to support/maintain others

चand

आपदिin times of calamity

स्वारक्षःcapable of self-defense

स्वाजीवःhaving independent means of livelihood

शत्रुद्वेषीhostile to enemies / enemy-hating

शक्यसामन्तःhaving neighbors/feudatories that can be controlled

पङ्कपाषाणोषरविषमकण्टकश्रेणीव्यालमृगाटवीहीनःfree from marshes, rocks, saline wasteland, uneven ground, thorny thickets/obstacle-belts, wild beasts, and forests

कान्तःpleasant / attractive

सीताखनिद्रव्यहस्तिवनवान्possessing crown-farms (sīta), mines, wealth/commodities, and elephant-forests

गव्यःabounding in cattle / cattle-wealthy

पौरुषेयःrich in manpower / manly (strong population)

गुप्तगोचरःhaving concealed routes/approaches (secret access ways)

पशुमान्having livestock

देवमातृकःhaving temples/cults as a supporting base (religiously well-founded)

वारिwith water

स्थलwith land/firm ground

पथाभ्याम्with routes/roads (both kinds)

उपेतःendowed with / provided with

सारचित्रबहुपण्यःhaving excellent, varied, and abundant merchandise

दण्डकरसहःable to bear punishment (discipline) and taxation

कर्मशीलःindustrious / hardworking

कर्षकःcultivator / farmer

अबालिशस्वाम्यवरवर्णप्रायःmostly composed of sensible people, loyal to their lord, and not predominantly of undesirable lower elements

भक्तloyal / devoted

शुचिclean / pure (in conduct)

मनुष्यःpeople / inhabitants

इतिthus

जनपदसम्पत्the prosperity/excellence of the countryside (janapada)

Entities Mentioned

janapada (realm/territory)

sāmanta (feudatory/neighboring chief)

sīta (crown land)

khani (mines)

hasti-vana (elephant forests)

gupta-gocara (concealed routes/spy terrain)

FAQs

Why does Kauṭilya include ‘roads, water, firm ground’ in janapada excellence?

They are logistics prerequisites: movement of troops, trade, taxation, and administrative reach depend on transport and survivable terrain.

What is the administrative meaning of ‘daṇḍa-kara-saha’?

A fiscally resilient tax base: the population and economy can sustain revenue extraction and penalties without collapse or revolt.