Ramayana — Ayodhya Kanda, Sarga 33, Shloka 30

त्रयस्त्रिंशः सर्गः

Civic Lament and Rama’s Dutiful Approach to Daśaratha

Devanagari script

तत्पूर्वमैक्ष्वाकसुतो महात्मारामो गमिष्यन्वनमार्तरूपम्।व्यतिष्ठत प्रेक्ष्य तदा सुमन्त्रंपितुर्महात्मा प्रतिहारणार्थम्।।।।

Transliteration

tatpūrvam aikṣvākasuto mahātmā rāmo gamiṣyan vanam ārtarūpam | vyatiṣṭhata prekṣya tadā sumantraṃ pitur mahātmā pratihāraṇārtham ||

Translation

ครั้งนั้น พระรามผู้มีมหาตมัน ผู้สืบสายอิกษวากุ เมื่อจะเสด็จสู่พนาลีด้วยพระพักตร์หม่นเศร้า ครั้นทอดพระเนตรสุมนตร์แล้วก็ทรงหยุด เพื่อให้เขาไปกราบทูลพระบิดาผู้ยิ่งใหญ่ถึงการเสด็จมาถึง

Word by Word

• तत्-पूर्वम्: previously/before that
• तत्-पूर्वम्: Kala-adhikarana (कालाधिकरण)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: तत् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक) + पूर्व (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: अव्ययीभाव समास, अव्यय; ‘before that/for the first time’

• ऐक्ष्वाक-सुतः: the son of Ikshvaku lineage
• ऐक्ष्वाक-सुतः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: ऐक्ष्वाक (प्रातिपदिक) + सुत (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन; षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष (‘Ikṣvāku’s son’)

• महात्मा: great-souled
• महात्मा: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: महात्मन् (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन; विशेषणम् (रामस्य)

• रामः: Rama
• रामः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: राम (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन

• गमिष्यन्: about to depart
• गमिष्यन्: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Verb
• Root: गम् (धातु)
• Form: शतृ (future active participle from लृट्-भाव), पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन; ‘about to go’

• वनम्: to the forest
• वनम्: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: वन (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया, एकवचन

• आर्त-रूपम्: with a sorrowful look
• आर्त-रूपम्: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: आर्त (प्रातिपदिक) + रूप (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया, एकवचन; कर्मधारय (‘sorrowful in appearance’)

• व्यतिष्ठत: stood
• व्यतिष्ठत: Kriya (क्रिया)
• Type: Verb
• Root: वि-अव-स्था (धातु)
• Form: लङ् (Imperfect), प्रथमपुरुष, एकवचन, परस्मैपद; ‘stood’

• प्रेक्ष्य: having seen
• प्रेक्ष्य: Kriya-viseshana (क्रियाविशेषण)
• Type: Verb
• Root: प्र-ईक्ष् (धातु)
• Form: क्त्वान्त अव्ययकृदन्त (Gerund), ‘having seen’

• तदा: then
• तदा: Kala-adhikarana (कालाधिकरण)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: तदा (अव्यय)
• Form: कालवाचक अव्यय

• सुमन्त्रम्: Sumantra
• सुमन्त्रम्: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: सुमन्त्र (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, द्वितीया, एकवचन

• पितुः: of (his) father
• पितुः: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/षष्ठी)
• Type: Noun
• Root: पितृ (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, षष्ठी, एकवचन

• महात्मा: great-souled
• महात्मा: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: महात्मन् (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन; विशेषणम् (रामस्य), पुनरुक्ति-प्रयोग

• प्रतिहारण-अर्थम्: for conveying (the message)
• प्रतिहारण-अर्थम्: Prayojana (प्रयोजन)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: प्रतिहारण (प्रातिपदिक) + अर्थ (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: तत्पुरुष समास; नपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया, एकवचन; प्रयोजनार्थक ‘for the purpose of informing/announcing’

Context

Seeing Rama walking without the royal umbrella, people were very much shocked. They expressed their reaction in so many words:

Characters & Entities

• Rāma
• Sumantra
• Daśaratha (implied)
• Ikṣvāku dynasty
• Forest (vana)

FAQs

What is the core ethical principle (Dharma) in this verse?

Dharma includes proper communication and respect for elders: Rāma follows courtly propriety by having his arrival announced before meeting his father.

What is the narrative situation?

On the verge of the forest-exile, Rāma pauses after noticing Sumantra, arranging for Daśaratha to be informed.

Which character virtue is emphasized?

Rāma’s humility and discipline—he does not rush in but proceeds according to accepted duty and decorum.