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Shloka 47

Adhyāya 270 — Yudhiṣṭhira’s inquiry on saṃnyāsa; Bhīṣma on calculable time, tamas, and karma

Vṛtra–Uśanā exemplum begins

भीष्म उवाच ततो<5पश्यत्‌ स काम॑ च क्रोधं लोभं भयं मदम्‌ | निद्रां तन्द्रीं तथा55लस्यमावृत्य पुरुषान्‌ स्थितान्‌

bhīṣma uvāca tato 'paśyat sa kāmaṁ ca krodhaṁ lobhaṁ bhayaṁ madam | nidrāṁ tandrīṁ tathā ālasyaṁ āvṛtya puruṣān sthitān |

ภีษมะกล่าวว่า—แล้วเขาก็เห็นกาม โทสะ โลภะ ภัย และความเมามัว; อีกทั้งความหลับ ความง่วง และความเกียจคร้าน—สิ่งเหล่านี้ปกคลุมมนุษย์ผู้ดำรงอยู่ในชีวิต บดบังปัญญาไตร่ตรอง และผูกมัดให้ตกไปในความประพฤติอันไม่เป็นกุศล

भीष्मःBhishma
भीष्मः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootभीष्म
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
उवाचsaid
उवाच:
TypeVerb
Rootवच्
FormPerfect, 3rd, Singular, Parasmaipada
ततःthen; thereafter
ततः:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootततः
अपश्यत्saw
अपश्यत्:
TypeVerb
Rootदृश्
FormImperfect, 3rd, Singular, Parasmaipada
सःhe
सः:
Karta
TypePronoun
Rootतद्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
कामम्desire
कामम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootकाम
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
क्रोधम्anger
क्रोधम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootक्रोध
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
लोभम्greed
लोभम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootलोभ
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
भयम्fear
भयम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootभय
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
मदम्pride; intoxication
मदम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootमद
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
निद्राम्sleep
निद्राम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootनिद्रा
FormFeminine, Accusative, Singular
तन्द्रीम्drowsiness; lethargy
तन्द्रीम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootतन्द्री
FormFeminine, Accusative, Singular
तथाlikewise; also
तथा:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootतथा
आलस्यम्sloth; laziness
आलस्यम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootआलस्य
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
आवृत्यhaving covered; enveloping
आवृत्य:
TypeVerb
Rootआ-वृ
Formक्त्वा (absolutive/gerund), Parasmaipada (usage)
पुरुषान्men; persons
पुरुषान्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootपुरुष
FormMasculine, Accusative, Plural
स्थितान्standing; remaining; situated
स्थितान्:
TypeAdjective
Rootस्था
Formक्त (past passive participle), Masculine, Accusative, Plural

भीष्म उवाच

B
Bhīṣma
K
kāma (desire)
K
krodha (anger)
L
lobha (greed)
B
bhaya (fear)
M
mada (intoxication/pride)
N
nidrā (sleep)
T
tandrī (drowsiness)
Ā
ālasya (sloth)
P
puruṣa (human beings)

Educational Q&A

The verse highlights how powerful inner forces—desire, anger, greed, fear, and intoxication/pride—along with dullness (sleep, drowsiness, sloth), veil human clarity. Ethically, it warns that unchecked mental afflictions ‘cover’ a person’s better judgment, making dharmic action difficult; therefore vigilance and self-discipline are implied remedies.

Bhīṣma describes a perception or observation: he ‘sees’ various passions and forms of inertia enveloping human beings. The scene is not a physical battle but a moral-psychological diagnosis, portraying these tendencies as pervasive forces that stand over and obscure people in ordinary life.