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Shloka 19

मोक्षोपाय-निर्णयः

Determination of the Means to Liberation

मृदव: सत्य भूयिष्ठा अल्पद्रोहाल्पमन्यव: । पुराधिग्‌दण्ड एवासीद्‌ वाग्दण्डस्तदनन्तरम्‌

mṛdavaḥ satya-bhūyiṣṭhā alpa-drohālpamanyavaḥ | purā dhig-daṇḍa evāsīd vāg-daṇḍas tad-anantaram ||

หุมตเสนะกล่าวว่า “ในกาลก่อน ผู้คนอ่อนโยน ยึดสัตย์เป็นส่วนใหญ่ แทบไม่คดทรยศ และโกรธช้า ครั้งนั้นโทษทัณฑ์แรกเริ่มมีเพียงการติเตียนและการประณามทางศีลธรรม ต่อมาจึงมีโทษด้วยวาจาอันรุนแรงใช้กัน”

मृदवःgentle (people)
मृदवः:
Karta
TypeAdjective
Rootमृदु
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
सत्यभूयिष्ठाःmostly truthful
सत्यभूयिष्ठाः:
Karta
TypeAdjective
Rootसत्यभूयिष्ठ
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
अल्पद्रोहhaving little malice/treachery
अल्पद्रोह:
Karta
TypeAdjective
Rootअल्पद्रोह
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
अल्पमन्यवःhaving little anger
अल्पमन्यवः:
Karta
TypeAdjective
Rootअल्पमन्यु
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
पुराformerly
पुरा:
Adhikarana
TypeIndeclinable
Rootपुरा
धिग्दण्डःthe punishment of censure ('fie!')
धिग्दण्डः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootधिग्दण्ड
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
एवindeed/only
एव:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootएव
आसीत्was
आसीत्:
TypeVerb
Rootअस्
FormImperfect (Lan), 3rd, Singular
वाग्दण्डःverbal punishment/rebuke
वाग्दण्डः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootवाग्दण्ड
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
तत्then/that
तत्:
Adhikarana
TypePronoun
Rootतद्
FormNeuter, Nominative/Accusative, Singular
अनन्तरम्afterwards/thereafter
अनन्तरम्:
Adhikarana
TypeIndeclinable
Rootअनन्तर

हुमत्सेन उवाच

H
Humatsena

Educational Q&A

Humatsena presents an ethical history of society: when people are gentle, truthful, and self-controlled, social correction can be minimal—mere moral censure suffices. As virtue declines, stronger forms of punishment arise, beginning with verbal chastisement.

In the Shanti Parva’s discourse on dharma and governance, Humatsena describes earlier social conditions and the evolution of disciplinary measures, contrasting an age of innate virtue with later reliance on punitive speech.