Shloka 38

Adhyaya 48 — The Emanation of Beings from Brahma: Night, Day, Twilight, and the Orders of Creation

Sanskrit

नरकिन्नररक्षांसि वयः पशुमृगोरगान् ।

अव्ययं च व्ययं चैव यदिदं स्थाणुजङ्गमम् ॥

Transliteration

nara-kinnara-rakṣāṃsi vayaḥ paśu-mṛga-uragān | avyayaṃ ca vyayaṃ caiva yad idaṃ sthāṇu-jaṅgamam ||

Translation

మనుష్యులు, కిన్నరులు, రాక్షసులు, పక్షులు, పశువులు, అడవి మృగాలు, సర్పాలు—స్థావర-జంగమంగా ఉన్నదంతా—అన్నిటినీ ఆయన సృష్టించాడు; క్షరమూ అక్షరమూ రెండింటినీ।

Word by Word

• nara-kinnara-rakṣāṃsi: men, Kinnaras, and Rākṣasas
• nara-kinnara-rakṣāṃsi: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: nara + kinnara + rakṣas (प्रातिपदिक; समास)
• Form: Dvandva (द्वन्द्व) compound (samāhāra-dvandva); Neuter (नपुंसकलिङ्ग), Accusative/Dvitīyā (द्वितीया), Plural (बहुवचन)

• vayaḥ: birds (lit. winged creatures)
• vayaḥ: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: vayas (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Neuter (नपुंसकलिङ्ग), Accusative/Dvitīyā (द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन) (collective sense)

• paśu-mṛga-oragān: beasts, wild animals, and serpents
• paśu-mṛga-oragān: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: paśu + mṛga + uraga (प्रातिपदिक; समास)
• Form: Dvandva (द्वन्द्व) compound; Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Accusative/Dvitīyā (द्वितीया), Plural (बहुवचन)

• avyayam: imperishable
• avyayam: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: a-vyaya (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Neuter (नपुंसकलिङ्ग), Accusative/Dvitīyā (द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन)

• ca: and
• ca: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: ca (अव्यय)
• Form: Avyaya (अव्यय), conjunction (समुच्चयबोधक)

• vyayam: perishable
• vyayam: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: vyaya (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Neuter (नपुंसकलिङ्ग), Accusative/Dvitīyā (द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन)

• ca: and
• ca: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: ca (अव्यय)
• Form: Avyaya (अव्यय), conjunction (समुच्चयबोधक)

• eva: indeed, just
• eva: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: eva (अव्यय)
• Form: Avyaya (अव्यय), particle (निपात), emphasis (अवधारण)

• yat: which, that which
• yat: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: yad (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Sarvanāma (सर्वनाम), Neuter (नपुंसकलिङ्ग), Nominative/Prathamā (प्रथमा), Singular (एकवचन)

• idam: this
• idam: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: idam (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Sarvanāma (सर्वनाम), Neuter (नपुंसकलिङ्ग), Nominative/Prathamā (प्रथमा), Singular (एकवचन)

• sthāṇu-jaṅgamam: the immobile-and-mobile (world)
• sthāṇu-jaṅgamam: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: sthāṇu + jaṅgama (प्रातिपदिक; समास)
• Form: Dvandva (द्वन्द्व) compound (samāhāra); Neuter (नपुंसकलिङ्ग), Nominative/Prathamā (प्रथमा), Singular (एकवचन)

Speakers

• Narrative voice (cosmogonic description)

Verse Rasa

{ "primaryRasa": "shanta", "secondaryRasa": "adbhuta", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

Primary Deities

• Brahmā (Creator)

Key Themes

• Cosmology
• Sthāvara-jaṅgama
• Perishable vs imperishable
• Pañcalakṣaṇa—Sarga

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

The cosmos is a single field containing many life-forms; recognizing shared origin supports restraint (ahiṃsā/compassion) and humility amid hierarchical classifications.

How does this fit the Pancalakshana (5 characteristics)?

Sarga: cataloguing creation, including the metaphysical distinction of perishable/imperishable.

What is the esoteric significance?

‘Imperishable and perishable’ can indicate ātman/prakṛti or principle/appearance; the verse gestures to a two-tier ontology beneath the visible biodiversity.