Previous Verse
Next Verse

Shloka 55

Adhyaya 45Jaimini’s Cosmological Questions and the Opening of Markandeya’s Account of Primary Creation

तस्माच्चतुर्गुणा ह्यापो विज्ञेयास्ता रसात्मिकाः ।

शब्दः स्पर्शश्च रूपञ्च रसो गन्धं समाविशत् ॥

tasmāccaturguṇā hyāpo vijñeyāstā rasātmikāḥ / śabdaḥ sparśaśca rūpañca raso gandhaṃ samāviśat

అందువల్ల జలము రసస్వభావముగల నాలుగు గుణములు కలదని గ్రహించవలెను. శబ్దము, స్పర్శ, రూపము, రసము క్రమముగా గంధములో ప్రవేశించి దానికి కారణములయ్యాయి.

tasmāttherefore; from that
tasmāt:
Hetu (हेतु/Reason)
TypeIndeclinable
Roottad (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
FormAblative sense used adverbially (तस्मात् = ‘therefore/from that’), avyayībhāva-like usage; source/hetu nuance
caturguṇāḥfourfold; having four qualities
caturguṇāḥ:
Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण/Qualifier)
TypeAdjective
Rootcatur + guṇa (प्रातिपदिक)
FormMasculine/Feminine, Nominative (प्रथमा) Plural; dvigu-samāsa ‘having four qualities’ qualifying āpaḥ
hiindeed
hi:
Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Discourse particle)
TypeIndeclinable
Roothi (अव्यय)
FormParticle (निपात) for emphasis/indeed
āpaḥwaters
āpaḥ:
Karta (कर्ता/Subject)
TypeNoun
Rootap (प्रातिपदिक)
FormFeminine, Nominative (प्रथमा) Plural; ‘waters’
vijñeyāḥto be known; should be understood
vijñeyāḥ:
Vidheyaviśeṣaṇa (विधेय-विशेषण/Predicative)
TypeAdjective
Rootvi + jñā (धातु) + ya (कृत्)
FormGerundive/obligatory passive participle (तव्यत्/यत्-प्रत्ययार्थ), Feminine Nominative Plural agreeing with āpaḥ; ‘to be known/should be understood’
tāḥthose (they)
tāḥ:
Karta (कर्ता/Subject apposition)
TypeNoun
Roottad (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
FormFeminine, Nominative (प्रथमा) Plural; pronoun referring to āpaḥ
rasātmikāḥof the nature of taste/essence
rasātmikāḥ:
Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण/Qualifier)
TypeAdjective
Rootrasa + ātmaka (प्रातिपदिक)
FormFeminine Nominative Plural; tatpuruṣa ‘having the nature of rasa (taste/essence)’ qualifying āpaḥ
śabdaḥsound
śabdaḥ:
Karta (कर्ता/Subject)
TypeNoun
Rootśabda (प्रातिपदिक)
FormMasculine, Nominative (प्रथमा) Singular
sparśaḥtouch
sparśaḥ:
Karta (कर्ता/Subject, coordinated)
TypeNoun
Rootsparśa (प्रातिपदिक)
FormMasculine, Nominative (प्रथमा) Singular
caand
ca:
Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Connector)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootca (अव्यय)
FormConjunction (समुच्चयबोधक अव्यय)
rūpamform; color
rūpam:
Karta (कर्ता/Subject, coordinated)
TypeNoun
Rootrūpa (प्रातिपदिक)
FormNeuter, Nominative (प्रथमा) Singular (coordinated list)
caand
ca:
Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Connector)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootca (अव्यय)
FormConjunction (समुच्चयबोधक अव्यय)
rasaḥtaste
rasaḥ:
Karta (कर्ता/Subject, coordinated)
TypeNoun
Rootrasa (प्रातिपदिक)
FormMasculine, Nominative (प्रथमा) Singular
gandhamsmell; odor
gandham:
Karma (कर्म/Object)
TypeNoun
Rootgandha (प्रातिपदिक)
FormMasculine, Accusative (द्वितीया) Singular
samāviśatentered; pervaded
samāviśat:
Kriyā (क्रिया/Predicate)
TypeVerb
Rootsam + ā + viś (धातु)
FormLuṅ (लुङ्/Aorist), Parasmaipada, 3rd person (प्रथमपुरुष) Singular; ‘entered/pervaded’
Narrative discourse within cosmological teaching (frame-speaker not explicit in the given excerpt)

{ "primaryRasa": "shanta", "secondaryRasa": "adbhuta", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

CosmologySāṅkhya categoriesMahābhūtasTanmātrasGuṇa theory

FAQs

The verse teaches a graded ontology: subtler sensory potentials (sound, touch, form, taste) are progressively included as the elements become ‘denser,’ culminating toward smell. Ethically, it supports discernment (viveka): the experienced world is a composite of qualities, not an ultimate self.

Sarga (primary creation): it describes the constitution of the elements and the sequential emergence of sensory qualities (tanmātras/guṇas) in the created order.

The ‘entry’ (anupraveśa) of qualities implies interpenetration: gross experience is layered with subtler principles. In inner practice, it hints that sense-fields can be traced back (pratyāhāra-like) from gross to subtle, reversing the outward-moving creation sequence.