मासः पक्षद्वयेनोक्तो द्वौ मासौ चार्कजावृतुः । ऋतुत्रयं चाप्ययनं द्वेयने वर्षमुच्यते
māsaḥ pakṣadvayenokto dvau māsau cārkajāvṛtuḥ | ṛtutrayaṃ cāpyayanaṃ dveyane varṣamucyate
Diz-se que um mês consiste em dois pakṣas; dois meses formam uma estação (ṛtu). Três estações constituem um ayana (meio ano); e dois ayanas são chamados um ano.
Lomaharṣaṇa (Sūta) (deduced: Māheśvarakhaṇḍa context)
Scene: A sage instructs disciples with a palm-leaf calendar; behind them a cosmic wheel shows pakṣa, ṛtu, ayana, and varṣa as concentric rings, with sun and moon marking cycles.
Sacred observances are grounded in ordered time; the cosmos is approached through intelligible cycles.
None; this is a general calendar definition.
None directly; the framework underlies vrata and festival timing.