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Shloka 31

Nakula’s Engagement with Citra-sena and Karṇa’s Sons; Śalya Re-stabilizes the Kaurava Host

कवचोष्णीषसंछज्ञा पताकारुचिरद्रुमा । चक्रचक्रावलीजुष्टा त्रिवेणूरगसंवृता

kavacoṣṇīṣasaṃchannā patākāruciradrumā | cakracakrāvalījuṣṭā triveṇūragasaṃvṛtā ||

Sañjaya disse: “Então, naquele campo de batalha, começou a correr um rio de sangue—como se fluísse rumo ao mundo do além. Sua água era sangue; os carros pareciam redemoinhos; os estandartes erguiam-se como árvores nas margens; os ossos davam a impressão de seixos e pedras; os braços decepados pareciam serpentes; os arcos eram seus regatos; os elefantes elevavam-se como montanhas em seus flancos e os cavalos como rochedos espalhados. Gordura e medula formavam seu lodo; os guarda-sóis eram como cisnes sobre ele; as maças pareciam barcos. Cotas de malha e turbantes cobriam sua superfície como musgo; os pendões brilhavam como belas árvores; grupos de rodas bebiam dele como bandos de aves cakravāka; e ele estava cheio de serpentes ‘Triveṇu’.”

कवचarmours
कवच:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootकवच
FormNeuter, Nominative, Plural
उष्णीषturbans/headgear
उष्णीष:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootउष्णीष
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
संछन्नाःcovered/overspread
संछन्नाः:
Karta
TypeAdjective
Rootसं-छद्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
पताकाbanners/flags
पताका:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootपताका
FormFeminine, Nominative, Plural
रुचिरbeautiful
रुचिर:
Karta
TypeAdjective
Rootरुचिर
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
द्रुमाःtrees
द्रुमाः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootद्रुम
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
चक्रwheels/discs
चक्र:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootचक्र
FormNeuter, Nominative, Plural
चक्रावलीby/with a flock of cakravāka-birds (a ring/cluster)
चक्रावली:
Karana
TypeNoun
Rootचक्रावली
FormFeminine, Instrumental, Singular
जुष्टाःfrequented/attended
जुष्टाः:
Karta
TypeAdjective
Rootजुष्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
त्रिवेणुthree-braided (bows/streams); here: tri-veṇu (threefold) [as a name]
त्रिवेणु:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootत्रिवेणु
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
उरगserpents
उरग:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootउरग
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
संवृताःfilled/covered/encircled
संवृताः:
Karta
TypeAdjective
Rootसं-वृ
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural

संजय उवाच

S
Sañjaya
B
battlefield (raṇabhūmi)
R
river of blood
C
chariots
B
banners/pennants (patākā)
W
wheels (cakra)
A
armor (kavaca)
T
turbans (uṣṇīṣa)
S
serpents (uraga, triveṇu)

Educational Q&A

The verse uses a stark extended metaphor—turning the battlefield into a ‘river of blood’—to underline the moral cost of war: glory and power are purchased with suffering, and the material signs of heroism (armor, banners, chariots) become mere debris in a landscape of death. It implicitly warns that when dharma collapses into violence, the world itself appears inverted and polluted.

Sañjaya, narrating the Kurukṣetra war, describes the scene after intense fighting: blood flows like a river, and the scattered instruments of battle—wheels, banners, armor, turbans—are poetically reimagined as features of that river (trees, birds, moss, serpents), emphasizing the battlefield’s horrific transformation.