Shloka 45

Adhyaya 49 — Primordial Human Creation, the Rise of Desire, and the Origins of Settlements, Measures, and Agriculture

Sanskrit

तदर्धेन तथा खेṭं तत्पादेन च कर्वटम् ।

न्यूनं द्रोणीमुखं तस्मादन्तभागेन चोच्यते ॥

Transliteration

tad-ardhena tathā kheṭaṃ tat-pādena ca karvaṭam | nyūnaṃ droṇīmukhaṃ tasmād anta-bhāgena cocyate ||

Translation

ਉਸ (ਪੁਰ) ਦਾ ਅੱਧਾ ‘ਖੇਟਕ’ ਕਿਹਾ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ। ਉਸ ਦਾ ਚੌਥਾ ਭਾਗ ‘ਕਰਵਟ’ ਹੈ। ‘ਦ੍ਰੋਣੀਮੁਖ’ ਉਸ ਤੋਂ ਵੀ (ਕਰਵਟ ਤੋਂ ਵੀ) ਅੰਦਰੂਨੀ ਅੰਸ਼ ਦੇ ਅਨੁਪਾਤ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਛੋਟਾ ਮੰਨਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ।

Word by Word

• तत्-अर्धेन: by half of that
• तत्-अर्धेन: Karana (करण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: तद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक) + अर्ध (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, तृतीया-विभक्ति (करण), एकवचन; 'तस्य अर्धेन' (by its half)

• तथा: thus
• तथा: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: तथा (अव्यय)
• Form: प्रकारवाचक-अव्यय (thus)

• खेṭम्: a kheṭa (settlement)
• खेṭम्: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: खेṭ (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया-विभक्ति, एकवचन

• तत्-पादेन: by a quarter of that
• तत्-पादेन: Karana (करण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: तद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक) + पाद (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, तृतीया-विभक्ति, एकवचन; 'तस्य पादेन' (by its quarter)

• च: and
• च: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/समुच्चय)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: समुच्चय-अव्यय

• कर्वटम्: a karvaṭa (type of settlement)
• कर्वटम्: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: कर्वट (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया-विभक्ति, एकवचन

• न्यूनम्: smaller/less
• न्यूनम्: Visheshana (विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: न्यून (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया-विभक्ति, एकवचन; अत्र विशेषणरूपेण (less/smaller)

• द्रोणीमुखम्: droṇīmukha (type)
• द्रोणीमुखम्: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: द्रोणी + मुख (प्रातिपदिक; समास)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया-विभक्ति, एकवचन; षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष

• तस्मात्: from that/therefore
• तस्मात्: Apadana (अपादान)
• Type: Noun
• Root: तद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुं/नपुंसक, पञ्चमी-विभक्ति (अपादान), एकवचन

• अन्त-भागेन: by an end-portion
• अन्त-भागेन: Karana (करण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: अन्त + भाग (प्रातिपदिक; समास)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, तृतीया-विभक्ति, एकवचन; षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष: 'अन्तस्य भागेन' (by an inner/final portion)

• च: and
• च: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/समुच्चय)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: समुच्चय-अव्यय

• उच्यते: is said/called
• उच्यते: Kriya (क्रिया)
• Type: Verb
• Root: √वच् (वचँ) (धातु)
• Form: लट्-लकार (Present), कर्मणि-प्रयोग (Passive), प्रथमपुरुष, एकवचन

Speakers

• Not explicitly indicated in the provided excerpt

Verse Rasa

{ "primaryRasa": "shanta", "secondaryRasa": "", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

Key Themes

• Administrative gradation
• Settlement hierarchy
• Measurement application

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

Hierarchy is not merely social but spatial-administrative; right-sizing settlements implies proportional governance—resources and defenses should match the community’s scale.

How does this fit the Pancalakshana (5 characteristics)?

Sthiti: classification and proportionality in maintaining societal structures.

What is the esoteric significance?

Progressive reduction from city to smaller nodes can symbolize inward refinement—moving from outer complexity to inner simplicity and focus.