Shloka 35

Adhyaya 49 — Primordial Human Creation, the Rise of Desire, and the Origins of Settlements, Measures, and Agriculture

Sanskrit

मरुधन्वसु दुर्गेषु पर्वतेषु दरीषु च ।

संश्रयन्ति च दुर्गाणि वार्क्षं पार्वतम् औदकम् ॥

Transliteration

marudhanvasu durgeṣu parvateṣu darīṣu ca | saṃśrayanti ca durgāṇi vārkṣaṃ pārvatam audakam ||

Translation

ਉਹ ਰੇਗਿਸਤਾਨਾਂ, ਪਹਾੜਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਗੁਫ਼ਾਵਾਂ ਦੇ ਕਿਲਿਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਸ਼ਰਨ ਗਏ; ਅਤੇ ਲੱਕੜ/ਰੁੱਖਾਂ ਦੇ ਕਿਲੇ, ਪਹਾੜੀ ਕਿਲੇ ਅਤੇ ਪਾਣੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਰੇ ਕਿਲਿਆਂ ਦਾ ਆਸਰਾ ਲੈਣ ਲੱਗੇ।

Word by Word

• मरुधन्वसु: in deserts
• मरुधन्वसु: Adhikaraṇa (अधिकरण/Location)
• Type: Noun
• Root: मरुधन्व (प्रातिपदिक; मरु + धन्व)
• Form: Locative (7th/सप्तमी), Plural (बहुवचन), Neuter (नपुंसकलिङ्ग); 'in desert-tracts'

• दुर्गेषु: in forts / strongholds
• दुर्गेषु: Adhikaraṇa (अधिकरण/Location)
• Type: Noun
• Root: दुर्ग (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Locative (7th/सप्तमी), Plural (बहुवचन), Neuter (नपुंसकलिङ्ग)

• पर्वतेषु: in mountains
• पर्वतेषु: Adhikaraṇa (अधिकरण/Location)
• Type: Noun
• Root: पर्वत (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Locative (7th/सप्तमी), Plural (बहुवचन), Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग)

• दरीषु: in caves / ravines
• दरीषु: Adhikaraṇa (अधिकरण/Location)
• Type: Noun
• Root: दरी (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Locative (7th/सप्तमी), Plural (बहुवचन), Feminine (स्त्रीलिङ्ग)

• च: and
• च: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/connector)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: Conjunction (समुच्चयार्थक-अव्यय)

• संश्रयन्ति: they take refuge
• संश्रयन्ति: Kriyā (क्रिया/Verb)
• Type: Verb
• Root: सम् + √श्रि (धातु)
• Form: Present tense (लट्), Parasmaipada (परस्मैपद), 3rd person (प्रथमपुरुष), Plural (बहुवचन); 'take refuge/resort to'

• च: and
• च: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/connector)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: Conjunction (समुच्चयार्थक-अव्यय)

• दुर्गाणि: forts / refuges
• दुर्गाणि: Karma (कर्म/Object)
• Type: Noun
• Root: दुर्ग (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Accusative (2nd/द्वितीया), Plural (बहुवचन), Neuter (नपुंसकलिङ्ग)

• वार्क्षम्: made of wood / wooden
• वार्क्षम्: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण/Qualifier)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: वार्क्ष (प्रातिपदिक; वृक्ष + अण्)
• Form: Accusative (2nd/द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन), Neuter (नपुंसकलिङ्ग); qualifying दुर्गम् (understood) / type of refuge

• पार्वतम्: mountain(-based)
• पार्वतम्: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण/Qualifier)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: पार्वत (प्रातिपदिक; पर्वत + अण्)
• Form: Accusative (2nd/द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन), Neuter (नपुंसकलिङ्ग)

• औदकम्: water(-based)
• औदकम्: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण/Qualifier)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: औदक (प्रातिपदिक; उदक + अण्)
• Form: Accusative (2nd/द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन), Neuter (नपुंसकलिङ्ग)

Speakers

• Narrative voice within didactic exposition

Verse Rasa

{ "primaryRasa": "vira", "secondaryRasa": "raudra", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

Key Themes

• Geography of defense
• Fort classifications
• Response to insecurity

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

As fear and conflict increase, humans classify and engineer security; the text implies that such complexity is a symptom of lost natural harmony.

How does this fit the Pancalakshana (5 characteristics)?

Manvantara/yuga institutional development (social organization and habitat) rather than creation or genealogy.

What is the esoteric significance?

The three fort-types can be read as three layers of defense—organic (wood), rigid (mountain), and enclosing (water)—paralleling psychological coping strategies.