Shloka 2
Mind as Charioteer; Kṣetrajña, Tapas, and Dhyāna-Yoga
Adhyātma-Upadeśa
Devanagari script
समस्तमिह तच्छुत्वा सम्यगेवावधार्यताम् | अहिंसा सर्वभूतानामेतत् कृत्यतमं मतम्
Transliteration
samastam iha tac chrutvā samyag evāvadhāryatām | ahiṃsā sarvabhūtānām etat kṛtyatamaṃ matam ||
Translation
ਇੱਥੇ ਇਹ ਸਭ ਕੁਝ ਸੁਣ ਕੇ ਇਸ ਨੂੰ ਠੀਕ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਸਮਝੋ ਅਤੇ ਮਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਪੱਕਾ ਧਾਰੋ—ਸਭ ਜੀਵਾਂ ਪ੍ਰਤੀ ਅਹਿੰਸਾ ਹੀ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਪਰਮ ਕਰਤੱਵ ਮੰਨੀ ਗਈ ਹੈ।
Word by Word
समस्तम्the whole (thing)
समस्तम्:
Karma
TypeAdjective
Rootसमस्त (सम् + अस् + क्त)
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
इहhere
इह:
Adhikarana
TypeIndeclinable
Rootइह
तत्that
तत्:
Karma
TypePronoun
Rootतद्
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
श्रुत्वाhaving heard
श्रुत्वा:
Karma
TypeVerb
Rootश्रु (धातु)
FormAbsolutive (क्त्वा), Parasmaipada (usage-neutral)
सम्यक्properly, correctly
सम्यक्:
Adhikarana
TypeIndeclinable
Rootसम्यक्
एवindeed, just
एव:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootएव
अवधार्यताम्let it be ascertained/understood
अवधार्यताम्:
TypeVerb
Rootअव + धृ (धातु)
FormImperative (लोट्), Passive (कर्मणि), Third, Singular
अहिंसाnon-violence
अहिंसा:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootअहिंसा
FormFeminine, Nominative, Singular
सर्वभूतानाम्of all beings
सर्वभूतानाम्:
TypeNoun
Rootसर्वभूत
FormNeuter, Genitive, Plural
एतत्this
एतत्:
Karta
TypePronoun
Rootएतद्
FormNeuter, Nominative, Singular
कृत्यतमम्the most to-be-done; the highest duty
कृत्यतमम्:
Karta
TypeAdjective
Rootकृत्यतम (कृत्य + तमप्)
FormNeuter, Nominative, Singular
मतम्is considered; opinion
मतम्:
TypeNoun
Rootमत (मन् + क्त)
FormNeuter, Nominative, Singular
Speaker
वायुदेव उवाच
Characters & Entities
V
VāyudevaCharacter Dynamics
Dharma Sankata (Moral Dilemma)
War Context
Verse Rasa (Emotional Essence)
Philosophical Teaching
Political Layer
Meter (Chandas)
Sandhi Notes
Educational Q&A
The verse teaches that ahiṃsā—non-violence toward all beings—is the most imperative duty, and that ethical instruction must be properly understood and firmly internalized, not merely heard.
Vāyudeva is delivering a didactic statement, urging the listener(s) to carefully comprehend the preceding teaching and concluding with a decisive ethical summary: ahiṃsā is paramount.