Sutra 2

Devanagari script

ततः परं कर्तुः कारयितुश्च पूर्वः साहसदण्डः श्रोतृऋणामेकैकं प्रत्यर्धदण्डः ॥ कZ_०३.११.०२ ॥

Transliteration

tataḥ paraṃ kartuḥ kārayituś ca pūrvaḥ sāhasadaṇḍaḥ śrotṛṛṇām ekaikaṃ pratyardhadaṇḍaḥ

Translation

ਇਸ (ਅਨੁਮਤ ਦਰ) ਤੋਂ ਵੱਧ ਹੋਣ ‘ਤੇ, ਕਰਨ ਵਾਲਾ ਅਤੇ ਕਰਵਾਉਣ ਵਾਲਾ—ਦੋਵੇਂ ਪਹਿਲੇ (ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਘੱਟ ਦਰਜੇ) ਸਾਹਸ-ਦੰਡ ਦੇ ਪਾਤਰ ਹਨ; ਅਤੇ ਹਰ ਸਾਕਸ਼ੀ-ਕਰਜ਼ਦਾਰ ਲਈ ਵਾਧੂ ਅੱਧਾ ਦੰਡ ਲੱਗੇਗਾ।

Word by Word

• ततः: thereafter; then
• Type: Pronoun (used adverbially)
• Root: तद्
• Form: ablative singular neuter of pronoun तद्; used as indeclinable adverb = 'thereafter/then'

• परम्: further; next
• Type: Adjective (used adverbially)
• Root: पर
• Form: accusative singular neuter; used adverbially = 'further/next'

• कर्तुः: of the doer (principal offender)
• Type: Noun (agent noun)
• Root: कृ
• Form: genitive singular masculine of कर्तृ (agent/doer)

• कारयितुः: of the instigator/one who causes (another) to do
• Type: Noun (causative agent noun)
• Root: कृ (णिच्)
• Form: genitive singular masculine of कारयितृ (one who causes/instigates to do)

• च: and
• Type: Particle
• Root: च
• Form: indeclinable conjunction

• पूर्वः: the former/earlier (penalty)
• Type: Adjective (used substantively)
• Root: पूर्व
• Form: nominative singular masculine; agrees with साहसदण्डः

• साहसदण्डः: the sāhasa-penalty (fine for forcible/violent offence)
• Type: Noun
• Root: दण्ड
• Form: nominative singular masculine; subject/predicate-noun of the sentence

• श्रोतृऋणाम्: of the debts/dues of the hearers (listeners)
• Type: Noun
• Root: ऋण
• Form: genitive plural neuter; 'of the debts of the hearers/listeners'

• एकैकम्: each (one) individually
• Type: Numeral/Adjective (distributive)
• Root: एक
• Form: accusative singular neuter; distributive sense = 'each one (separately)'

• प्रति: per; with respect to; for each
• Type: Preverb/Preposition
• Root: प्रति
• Form: indeclinable; governs accusative; here with एकैकम् in distributive sense

• अर्धदण्डः: half-penalty; half the fine
• Type: Noun
• Root: दण्ड
• Form: nominative singular masculine; predicate-noun (understood: भवति/स्यात्)

Entities Mentioned

• lender
• instigator/agent
• debtor
• witnesses
• court

More Details

FAQs

Why punish both the actor and the instigator?

To deter principal–agent abuse: lenders often operate through collectors; vicarious liability closes enforcement gaps.

What administrative goal is served by graded fines?

Predictable sanctions improve compliance and ease adjudication, reducing discretionary corruption in financial disputes.