Shloka 3

Adhyaya 28 — Alarka Inquires into Varna and Ashrama Dharma; Madalasa Defines the Fourfold Duties

Sanskrit

मदालसोवाच दानमध्ययनं यज्ञो ब्राह्मणस्य त्रिधा मतः ।

नान्यश्चतुर्थो धर्मोऽस्ति धर्मस्तस्यापदं विना ॥

Transliteration

madālasovāca dānam adhyayanaṃ yajño brāhmaṇasya tridhā mataḥ / nānyaś caturtho dharmo 'sti dharmas tasyāpadaṃ vinā

Translation

မဒါလာသာက ပြောသည်– ဗြာဟ္မဏအတွက် ဓမ္မသည် သုံးမျိုးဟု သတ်မှတ်ကြသည်—ဒါန (လှူဒါန်းခြင်း)၊ သာသနာပညာ သင်ယူခြင်း (သဒ္ဓမ္မစာပေ) နှင့် ယဇ္ဉ (ပူဇော်ပွဲ) ပြုလုပ်ခြင်း။ အရေးပေါ်အခက်အခဲကာလ (အာပဒ္ဓမ္မ) မဟုတ်လျှင် စတုတ္ထတာဝန် မရှိ။

Word by Word

• मदालसा: Madālasā
• मदालसा: कर्ता (Karta/Speaker)
• Type: Noun
• Root: मदालसा (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन

• उवाच: said
• उवाच: क्रिया (Verb/Action)
• Type: Verb
• Root: वच् (धातु)
• Form: लिट् (Perfect), परस्मैपद, प्रथमपुरुष, एकवचन

• दानम्: giving; charity
• दानम्: कर्ता/विषय (Item in list)
• Type: Noun
• Root: दान (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन

• अध्ययनम्: study (of Veda)
• अध्ययनम्: कर्ता/विषय (Item in list)
• Type: Noun
• Root: अध्ययन (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन

• यज्ञः: sacrifice
• यज्ञः: कर्ता/विषय (Item in list)
• Type: Noun
• Root: यज्ञ (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन

• ब्राह्मणस्य: of a Brahmin
• ब्राह्मणस्य: षष्ठी-सम्बन्ध (Genitive relation)
• Type: Noun
• Root: ब्राह्मण (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, षष्ठी, एकवचन

• त्रिधा: threefold
• त्रिधा: क्रियाविशेषण/प्रकार (Manner)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: त्रिधा (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय, प्रकारवाचक (adverb of manner: ‘in three ways’)

• मतः: is held (to be)
• मतः: विधेय (Predicate)
• Type: Verb
• Root: मन् (धातु)
• Form: क्त-प्रत्ययान्त कृदन्त (Past passive participle), पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन; ‘considered/held’

• न: not
• न: सम्बन्ध/अव्यय (Negation)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: न (अव्यय)
• Form: निषेध (negation particle)

• अन्यः: other
• अन्यः: कर्ता/विषय (Predicate complement)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: अन्य (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन

• चतुर्थः: fourth
• चतुर्थः: विशेषण (Qualifier)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: चतुर्थ (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन; क्रमवाचक (ordinal)

• धर्मः: duty; dharma
• धर्मः: कर्ता (Karta/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: धर्म (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन

• अस्ति: exists; is
• अस्ति: क्रिया (Verb/Action)
• Type: Verb
• Root: अस् (धातु)
• Form: लट् (Present), परस्मैपद, प्रथमपुरुष, एकवचन

• धर्मः: duty; dharma
• धर्मः: कर्ता (Karta/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: धर्म (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन

• तस्य: of him/that (Brahmin)
• तस्य: षष्ठी-सम्बन्ध (Genitive relation)
• Type: Noun
• Root: तद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, षष्ठी, एकवचन; सर्वनाम

• आपदम्: calamity; distress
• आपदम्: अपादान/निमित्त (Condition; ‘except in calamity’)
• Type: Noun
• Root: आपद् (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग, द्वितीया, एकवचन

• विना: without; except
• विना: सम्बन्ध/अव्यय (Exclusion)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: विना (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय, वर्जनार्थक (prepositional indeclinable: ‘without/except’)

Speakers

• Madālasā to Alarka

Verse Rasa

{ "primaryRasa": "shanta", "secondaryRasa": "dharma", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

Key Themes

• Dharma
• Varṇadharma
• Brāhmaṇa duties
• Yajña
• Dāna
• Adhyayana
• Āpaddharma

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

The brāhmaṇa ideal is defined by learning, generosity, and sacrificial responsibility; flexibility (āpaddharma) is acknowledged only under genuine hardship.

How does this fit the Pancalakṣaṇa (5 characteristics)?

A dharma-śāstric insert within purāṇic narrative; not a direct pancalakṣaṇa component.

What is the esoteric significance?

The triad can be read as purification of possession (dāna), purification of intellect (adhyayana), and purification of action (yajña)—a threefold discipline.