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Shiva Purana — Rudra Samhita, Shloka 4

भूतत्रिपुरधर्मवर्णनम् (Description of the Dharma/Conduct of the Bhūta-Tripura) — Chapter 3

मित्रद्रोहं कथं जानन्करोमि रणकर्कशः । सुहृद्द्रोहे महत्पापं पूर्वमुक्तं स्वयंभुवा

mitradrohaṃ kathaṃ jānankaromi raṇakarkaśaḥ | suhṛddrohe mahatpāpaṃ pūrvamuktaṃ svayaṃbhuvā

Bagaimana mungkin aku—meski keras oleh medan perang—dengan sedar melakukan pengkhianatan terhadap seorang sahabat? Kerana Yang Terlahir Sendiri (Brahmā) telah pun menyatakan bahawa mengkhianati seorang yang berhajat baik adalah dosa besar.

mitra-drohambetrayal of a friend
mitra-droham:
Karma (कर्म/Object)
TypeNoun
Rootmitra (प्रातिपदिक) + droha (प्रातिपदिक)
FormPuṃliṅga (Masculine/पुंलिङ्ग), Dvitīyā (Accusative/द्वितीया), Ekavacana (Singular/एकवचन); “betrayal of a friend”
kathamhow
katham:
Kriyāviśeṣaṇa (क्रियाविशेषण/Adverbial)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootkatham (अव्यय)
FormPraśna-avyaya (interrogative adverb/प्रश्न) = “how?”
jānanknowing
jānan:
Karta (कर्ता/Subject) [participial qualifier of implied ‘aham’]
TypeVerb
Rootjñā (धातु)
FormVartamāna-kṛdanta (Present active participle/वर्तमान कृदन्त), Parasmaipada, Puṃliṅga (Masculine/पुंलिङ्ग), Prathamā (Nominative/प्रथमा), Ekavacana (Singular/एकवचन); “knowing”
karomiI do / I commit
karomi:
Kriyā (क्रिया/Predicate)
TypeVerb
Rootkṛ (धातु)
FormLaṭ-lakāra (Present/लट्), Parasmaipada, Uttama puruṣa (1st person/उत्तम पुरुष), Ekavacana (Singular/एकवचन)
raṇa-karkaśaḥharsh in battle
raṇa-karkaśaḥ:
Karta (कर्ता/Subject) [as epithet]
TypeAdjective
Rootraṇa (प्रातिपदिक) + karkaśa (प्रातिपदिक)
FormPuṃliṅga (Masculine/पुंलिङ्ग), Prathamā (Nominative/प्रथमा), Ekavacana (Singular/एकवचन); bahirviṣaya-tatpuruṣa sense “harsh in battle”; predicate/epithet of speaker (implied ‘aham’)
suhṛd-drohein betraying a friend
suhṛd-drohe:
Adhikaraṇa (अधिकरण/Domain)
TypeNoun
Rootsuhṛd (प्रातिपदिक) + droha (प्रातिपदिक)
FormPuṃliṅga (Masculine/पुंलिङ्ग), Saptamī (Locative/सप्तमी), Ekavacana (Singular/एकवचन); “in/with regard to betrayal of a well-wisher/friend”
mahat-pāpama great sin
mahat-pāpam:
Karma (कर्म/Object) / Predicate nominal
TypeNoun
Rootmahat (प्रातिपदिक) + pāpa (प्रातिपदिक)
FormNapुंसakaliṅga (Neuter/नपुंसकलिङ्ग), Prathamā/Dvitīyā (Nom./Acc./प्रथमा/द्वितीया), Ekavacana (Singular/एकवचन); karmadhāraya “great sin”; here as predicate/object of “(asti) pūrvam uktam”
pūrvampreviously
pūrvam:
Kriyāviśeṣaṇa (क्रियाविशेषण/Adverbial)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootpūrva (प्रातिपदिक used adverbially)
FormKālārtha-avyaya (temporal adverb/कालार्थ) = “formerly/previously”
uktamsaid / declared
uktam:
Kriyā (क्रिया/Predicate) [participial predicate]
TypeVerb
Rootvac (धातु) → ukta (कृदन्त)
FormKta-pratyaya (Past passive participle/क्त), Napuṃsakaliṅga (Neuter/नपुंसकलिङ्ग), Prathamā/Dvitīyā (Nom./Acc./प्रथमा/द्वितीया), Ekavacana (Singular/एकवचन); predicate “(it) has been said”
svayaṃbhuvāby Svayaṃbhū (Brahmā)
svayaṃbhuvā:
Kartṛkaraṇa (कर्तृकरण/Agent in passive)
TypeNoun
Rootsvayaṃbhū (प्रातिपदिक)
FormPuṃliṅga (Masculine/पुंलिङ्ग), Tṛtīyā (Instrumental/तृतीया), Ekavacana (Singular/एकवचन); agent-instrument “by Svayaṃbhū (Brahmā)”

A warrior-king addressing his counsel/opponent in the Yuddhakhaṇḍa narrative (speaker not explicitly named in the provided snippet; inferred as a dharmic combatant refusing friend-betrayal).

Tattva Level: pashu

Sthala Purana: No Jyotirliṅga linkage; a dharma-argument about mitra/suhṛd-droha (betrayal) as adharma, invoking Brahmā’s prior injunction.

Significance: Ethical śuddhi as preparation for Śiva-bhakti: the paśu must align conduct with dharma to become fit for anugraha.

B
Brahma

FAQs

It teaches that even in conflict, dharma restrains violence: knowingly betraying a friend or benefactor creates heavy pāpa that obstructs inner purity—an essential basis for approaching Shiva (Pati) with a cleansed heart.

Linga-worship in the Shiva Purana is repeatedly linked with śuddhi (purification) and right conduct; devotion to Saguna Shiva is not merely ritual but must be supported by ethical vows such as non-betrayal and truthfulness.

A practical takeaway is to pair daily Shiva-japa (e.g., the Pañcākṣarī “Om Namaḥ Śivāya”) with a vrata of loyalty and non-deceit, using vibhūti (Tripuṇḍra) or rudrākṣa as reminders to avoid mahāpāpa like friend-betrayal.