Ramayana — Yuddha Kanda, Sarga 5, Shloka 4

सेनानिवेशः रामविलापश्च

Encampment on the Northern Shore; Rama’s Lament and Sandhyā

Devanagari script

शोकश्चकिलकालेनगच्छताह्यपगच्छति ।ममचापश्यतःकान्तामहन्यहनिवर्धते ।।।।

Transliteration

śokaś ca kila kālena gacchatā hy apagacchati | mama cāpaśyataḥ kāntām ahany ahani vardhate ||

Translation

Orang berkata dukacita akan surut apabila waktu berlalu; namun bagiku—tidak dapat memandang kekasihku—ia bertambah dari hari ke hari.

Word by Word

• śokaḥ: grief
• śokaḥ: Karta (कर्ता/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: śoka (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन

• ca: and
• ca: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: ca (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; समुच्चय

• kila: indeed/it is said
• kila: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: kila (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; निपात (particle indicating report/indeed)

• kālena: with time/by time
• kālena: Karana (करण/Instrument)
• Type: Noun
• Root: kāla (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, तृतीया, एकवचन

• gacchatā: going/passing
• gacchatā: Visheshana (विशेषण/Qualifier of kālena)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: gam (गम् धातु) + śatṛ (शतृ)
• Form: शतृ-प्रत्ययान्त वर्तमानकृदन्त (present active participle); पुंलिङ्ग, तृतीया, एकवचन; ‘as (time) goes’

• hi: indeed/for
• hi: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: hi (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; निपात (emphasis/causal particle)

• apagacchati: goes away/abates
• apagacchati: Kriya (क्रिया/Predicate)
• Type: Verb
• Root: apa-gam (गम् धातु)
• Form: लट् (Present), प्रथमपुरुष, एकवचन; परस्मैपद

• mama: of me/my
• mama: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Genitive)
• Type: Noun
• Root: asmad (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: षष्ठी, एकवचन; सर्वनाम (genitive ‘of me’)

• ca: but/and
• ca: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: ca (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; समुच्चय

• apaśyataḥ: of (me) not seeing
• apaśyataḥ: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Genitive absolute-like)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: a-paśyat (दृश् धातु; नञ्-पूर्वक)
• Form: शतृ-प्रत्ययान्त वर्तमानकृदन्त (present active participle) with negation a-; पुंलिङ्ग, षष्ठी, एकवचन; ‘of (me) not seeing’

• kāntām: beloved (woman)
• kāntām: Karma (कर्म/Object of seeing)
• Type: Noun
• Root: kāntā (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग, द्वितीया, एकवचन

• ahani: day
• ahani: Adhikarana (अधिकरण/Time)
• Type: Noun
• Root: ahan (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, सप्तमी, एकवचन; ‘on a day’

• ahani: day (by day)
• ahani: Adhikarana (अधिकरण/Time)
• Type: Noun
• Root: ahan (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, सप्तमी, एकवचन; पुनरुक्ति (reduplication) = ‘day by day’

• vardhate: increases
• vardhate: Kriya (क्रिया/Predicate)
• Type: Verb
• Root: vṛdh (वृध् धातु)
• Form: लट् (Present), प्रथमपुरुष, एकवचन; आत्मनेपद

Context

As time passes, grief passes away. However my sorrow is progressing day by day being unable to see my beloved.

Characters & Entities

• Rāma
• Sītā (implied as kāntā)

FAQs

What is the core ethical principle (Dharma) in this verse?

Dharma is shown as truthful acknowledgment of inner suffering without abandoning duty; Rāma’s honesty about grief coexists with perseverance toward the righteous goal of rescuing Sītā.

What is the narrative situation?

At the brink of the decisive campaign, Rāma reflects on separation from Sītā; instead of easing with time, his sorrow intensifies.

Which character virtue is emphasized?

Satya (truthfulness) and emotional integrity—he does not mask his pain, yet remains committed to righteous action.