Markandeya Purana — Adhyaya 57, Shloka 39
Adhyaya 57 — The Ninefold Divisions of Bharata: Mountains, Rivers, and Peoples
चीनाश्चैव तुखाराश्च बहुला बाह्यतो नराः । आत्रेयाश्च भरद्वाजाः पुष्कलाश्च कशेरुकाः ॥
cīnāścaiva tukhārāśca bahulā bāhyatonarāḥ / ātreyāśca bharadvājāḥ puṣkalāśca kaśerukāḥ
Ada kaum Cīna dan Tukhāra, serta banyak bangsa yang mendiami wilayah di luar (tanah pusat); juga Ātreya dan Bhāradvāja, Puṣkala dan Kaśeruka.
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FAQs
The ‘outer peoples’ are still acknowledged within the purāṇic worldview; the text’s concern is comprehensiveness of the inhabited world rather than polemic.
Cosmographical supplementation that supports itihāsa-vaṃśa narration; not a standalone pancalakṣaṇa unit but commonly embedded within them.
The boundary between ‘inside’ and ‘outside’ is a symbolic boundary between the ritually ordered realm and the less-ordered periphery—yet both remain within the cosmic map.
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