Sutra 2

Devanagari script

धान्वनवननिम्नस्थलयोधिनां खनकाकाशदिवारात्रियोधिनां च पुरुषाणां नादेयपार्वतानूपसारसानां च हस्तिनामश्वानां च यथास्वमिष्टा युद्धभूमयः कालाश्च ॥ कZ_१०.४.०२ ॥

Transliteration

dhānvanavananimnasthalayodhināṃ khanakākāśadivārātriyodhināṃ ca puruṣāṇāṃ nādeyapārvatānūpasārasānāṃ ca hastinām aśvānāṃ ca yathāsvam iṣṭā yuddhabhūmayaḥ kālāś ca

Translation

Bagi pasukan yang terlatih bertempur di gurun, hutan dan kawasan tanah rendah; bagi pelombong/penggali parit (sappers) serta mereka yang mahir bertempur di ruang terbuka; dan bagi mereka yang sesuai untuk pertempuran siang atau malam—setiap satu mempunyai medan tempur dan waktu yang digemari mengikut kesesuaian. Demikian juga, gajah dan kuda mempunyai jenis muka bumi pilihan masing-masing: kawasan tepi sungai, pergunungan, paya, serta wilayah tasik/kolam, menurut kesesuaian.

Word by Word

धान्वन-वन-निम्न-स्थल-योधिनाम्of fighters suited to (or fighting in) desert, forest, low-lying and level ground

खनक-आकाश-दिवा-रात्रि-योधिनाम्of fighters (skilled) in digging/sapping, in open terrain, and in day and night fighting

चand

पुरुषाणाम्of men (soldiers)

नादेय-पार्वत-अनूप-सारसानाम्of elephants (suited to) riverine, mountainous, marshy, and lake/pond regions

चand

हस्तिनाम्of elephants

अश्वानाम्of horses

चand

यथा-स्वम्according to each (one’s own suitability)

इष्टाःpreferred / suitable

युद्ध-भूमयःbattlefields / battle-grounds

कालाःtimes (for fighting)

चand

Entities Mentioned

desert troops

forest troops

lowland troops

sappers/miners

day fighters

night fighters

elephants

horses

FAQs

What administrative/command principle is implied by ‘yathāsvam iṣṭā’?

Assign missions and theaters based on comparative advantage—capability-to-environment matching rather than uniform deployment.

Why does Kautilya include ‘time’ (kāla) alongside terrain?

Because readiness, visibility, fatigue, and surprise differ by day/night; doctrine should exploit the time-domain as a planning variable.