Shloka 58

Yuga-Vibhāga and Kāla-Pramāṇa

Measures of Time and the Four Yugas

Devanagari script

शुभाः प्रवृत्तयस्तेषां धर्मा वर्णाश्रमास्तथा / संकल्पितेन मनसा वाचोक्तेन स्वकर्मणा

Transliteration

śubhāḥ pravṛttayasteṣāṃ dharmā varṇāśramāstathā / saṃkalpitena manasā vācoktena svakarmaṇā

Translation

അവരുടെ പ്രവൃത്തികൾ ശുഭമായിരുന്നു; വർണാശ്രമധർമ്മങ്ങളും അങ്ങനെ തന്നെ—മനസ്സിലെ സംकल्पത്താൽ, വാക്കിലെ ഉച്ചാരണത്താൽ, സ്വകർമത്താൽ।

Word by Word

• śubhāḥ: auspicious
• śubhāḥ: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: śubha (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Strīliṅga (स्त्रीलिङ्ग), Prathamā vibhakti (प्रथमा/1st case), Bahuvacana (बहुवचन); viśeṣaṇa (adjective)

• pravṛttayaḥ: activities, undertakings
• pravṛttayaḥ: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: pravṛtti (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Strīliṅga, Prathamā (1st), Bahuvacana; kartṛ-padārtha (subject-noun)

• teṣām: of them
• teṣām: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Genitive relation)
• Type: Noun
• Root: tad (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Puṃliṅga/napuṃsaka (contextual pronoun), Ṣaṣṭhī vibhakti (षष्ठी/Genitive), Bahuvacana

• dharmāḥ: duties, dharmas
• dharmāḥ: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: dharma (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Puṃliṅga, Prathamā (1st), Bahuvacana

• varṇa-āśramāḥ: the varṇas and āśramas
• varṇa-āśramāḥ: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: varṇa (प्रातिपदिक) + āśrama (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Puṃliṅga, Prathamā (1st), Bahuvacana; itaretara-dvandva (copulative)

• tathā: and also, likewise
• tathā: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/connector)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: tathā (अव्यय)
• Form: Avyaya; samuccaya/anuvṛtti-artha (conjunctive: 'and also/likewise')

• saṃkalpitena: by what is mentally conceived
• saṃkalpitena: Karaṇa (करण/Instrument)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: saṃkalpita (कृदन्त; √kḷp/कल्प्)
• Form: Napuṃsakaliṅga, Tṛtīyā vibhakti (तृतीया/Instrumental), Ekavacana; bhūta-kṛdanta (past passive participle) used adjectivally

• manasā: by the mind
• manasā: Karaṇa (करण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: manas (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Napuṃsakaliṅga, Tṛtīyā (Instrumental), Ekavacana

• vācā: by speech
• vācā: Karaṇa (करण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: vāc (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Strīliṅga, Tṛtīyā (Instrumental), Ekavacana

• uktena: by what is spoken
• uktena: Karaṇa (करण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: ukta (कृदन्त; √vac/वच्)
• Form: Napuṃsakaliṅga, Tṛtīyā (Instrumental), Ekavacana; bhūta-kṛdanta (PPP)

• sva-karmaṇā: by one’s own action
• sva-karmaṇā: Karaṇa (करण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: sva (प्रातिपदिक) + karman (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Napuṃsakaliṅga, Tṛtīyā (Instrumental), Ekavacana; karmadhāraya: 'one’s own deed'