Sutra 8

Devanagari script

स मौलभृतश्रेणिमित्रामित्राटवीबलानां सारफल्गुतां विद्यात् निम्नस्थलप्रकाशकूटखनकाकाशदिवारात्रियुद्धव्यायामं च आयोगमयोगं च कर्मसु ॥ कZ_०२.३३.०८ ॥

Transliteration

sa maulabhṛtaśreṇimitrāmitrāṭavībalānāṃ sāraphalgutāṃ vidyāt nimnasthalaprakāśakūṭakhanakākāśadivārātriyuddhavyāyāmaṃ ca āyogam ayogaṃ ca karmasu

Translation

അവൻ രാജാവിന്റെ മൗല (വംശപരമ്പരാഗത) സൈന്യം, ഭൃത (കൂലിപ്പട) സൈന്യം, ശ്രേണി (ഗിൽഡ്) ദളങ്ങൾ, മിത്രസേന, അമിത്ര (ശത്രു) സേന, ആടവീ (വന്യ-ജന) ബലം—ഇവയുടെ വിശ്വാസ്യതയും ദൗർബല്യവും വിലയിരുത്തണം; കൂടാതെ താഴ്ന്ന നിലം, തുറന്ന നിലം, മറവ്/അമ്പുഷ് സ്ഥാനങ്ങൾ, ഖനനം/സാപ്പിംഗ്, (പ്രയോഗയോഗ്യമെങ്കിൽ) ഉയർന്ന/ആകാശീയ സ്ഥാനങ്ങൾ എന്നിവയ്ക്കനുസരിച്ച് പകൽ-രാത്രി യുദ്ധപരിശീലനം നൽകണം—ഏത് ജോലിയിൽ ഉപയോഗിക്കണം, ഏത് ജോലിയിൽ ഉപയോഗിക്കരുത് എന്നും അറിഞ്ഞ്।

Word by Word

• सः: he (the king/commander/agent in context)
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: तद्
• Form: sarvanāma; prathamā-vibhakti; ekavacana; puṃliṅga

• मौलभृत: standing/hereditary troops
• Type: Noun
• Root: मौल + भृत्
• Form: samāsa; (in compound) prātipadika; here in genitive plural as part of a larger compound: मौलभृत-...-बलानाम

• श्रेणि: guilds
• Type: Noun
• Root: श्रेणि
• Form: (as member of compound) prātipadika; here in genitive plural as part of a larger compound

• मित्र: allies
• Type: Noun
• Root: मित्र
• Form: (as member of compound) prātipadika; here in genitive plural as part of a larger compound

• अमित्र: enemies
• Type: Noun
• Root: अमित्र
• Form: (as member of compound) prātipadika; here in genitive plural as part of a larger compound

• आटवी: forest (tribal) forces / forest region
• Type: Noun
• Root: आटवी
• Form: (as member of compound) prātipadika; here in genitive plural as part of a larger compound

• बलानाम्: of the forces (troops)
• Type: Noun
• Root: बल
• Form: ṣaṣṭhī-vibhakti; bahuvacana; napuṃsakaliṅga (bala)

• सार: strength, solidity, substance
• Type: Noun
• Root: सार
• Form: (in compound) prātipadika; with फल्गुता → सारफल्गुताम (dvandva)

• फल्गुता: weakness, insignificance, hollowness
• Type: Noun
• Root: फल्गुता
• Form: (in compound) prātipadika; with सार → सारफल्गुताम (dvandva)

• सारफल्गुताम्: (their) strength and weakness (true worth vs. hollowness)
• Type: Noun
• Root: सार + फल्गुता
• Form: dvitīyā-vibhakti; ekavacana; strīliṅga (phalgu-tā)

• विद्यात्: should know/should ascertain
• Type: Verb
• Root: विद्
• Form: liṅ (vidhi-liṅ); parasmaipada; prathama-puruṣa; ekavacana

• निम्न: low-lying
• Type: Adjective
• Root: निम्न
• Form: (in compound) prātipadika; with स्थल → निम्नस्थल

• स्थल: ground, terrain
• Type: Noun
• Root: स्थल
• Form: (in compound) prātipadika; with निम्न → निम्नस्थल

• प्रकाश: open/visible (ground), exposure
• Type: Noun
• Root: प्रकाश
• Form: (in compound) prātipadika

• कूट: concealment/ambush; hidden (positions)
• Type: Noun
• Root: कूट
• Form: (in compound) prātipadika

• खनक: digging/excavation (works)
• Type: Noun
• Root: खनक
• Form: (in compound) prātipadika

• आकाश: open space/sky
• Type: Noun
• Root: आकाश
• Form: (in compound) prātipadika

• दिवा: by day / daytime
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: दिवा
• Form: avyaya; used in dvandva with रात्रि

• रात्रि: night
• Type: Noun
• Root: रात्रि
• Form: (in compound) prātipadika; with दिवा → दिवारात्रि

• युद्ध: battle, fighting
• Type: Noun
• Root: युध् (→ युद्ध)
• Form: (in compound) prātipadika

• व्यायाम: exercise, training
• Type: Noun
• Root: व्यायाम
• Form: (in compound) prātipadika

• निम्नस्थलप्रकाशकूटखनकाकाशदिवारात्रियुद्धव्यायामम्: (the factors of) low ground, terrain, openness, concealment/ambush, digging works, open space, day-and-night (operations), battle, and training
• Type: Noun
• Root: निम्नस्थल + प्रकाश + कूट + खनक + आकाश + दिवा-रात्रि + युद्ध + व्यायाम
• Form: dvitīyā-vibhakti; ekavacana; napuṃsakaliṅga (as a collective list)

• च: and
• Type: Particle
• Root: च
• Form: avyaya; samuccaya

• आयोगम्: proper employment/fitness (effective arrangement)
• Type: Noun
• Root: आयोग
• Form: dvitīyā-vibhakti; ekavacana; puṃliṅga

• अयोगम्: improper employment/unfitness
• Type: Noun
• Root: अयोग
• Form: dvitīyā-vibhakti; ekavacana; puṃliṅga

• च: and
• Type: Particle
• Root: च
• Form: avyaya; samuccaya

• कर्मसु: in actions/operations
• Type: Noun
• Root: कर्मन्
• Form: saptamī-vibhakti; bahuvacana; napuṃsakaliṅga

Entities Mentioned

• standing troops (maula)
• hired troops (bhṛta)
• guild contingents (śreṇi)
• allied forces (mitra)
• enemy forces (amitra)
• forest/tribal forces (āṭavī-bala)

More Details

FAQs

What is the administrative intent behind listing multiple troop types (maula, bhṛta, śreṇi, etc.)?

To institutionalize differentiated assessment and tasking: each troop category has varying loyalty, endurance, and suitability, so the state must evaluate and employ them accordingly.

What niti concept is prominent here?

Capability-based deployment: assign missions based on tested strength/weakness and context (terrain, time, method), not on labels or assumptions.