Shloka 60

Adhyaya 49 — Primordial Human Creation, the Rise of Desire, and the Origins of Settlements, Measures, and Agriculture

Sanskrit

ऋतुपुष्पफलाश्चैव वृक्षा गुल्माश्च जज्ञिरे ।

प्रादुर्भावस्तु त्रेतायामाद्यो 'यमौषधस्य तु ॥

Transliteration

ṛtu-puṣpa-phalāś caiva vṛkṣā gulmāś ca jajñire /

prādurbhāvas tu tretāyām ādyo 'yam auṣadhasya tu //

Translation

また、樹木や灌木も生じ、しかるべき季節に花と実を結んだ。これがトレーター・ユガにおける草木の最初の顕現であった。

Word by Word

• ṛtu-puṣpa-phalāḥ: with seasonal flowers and fruits
• ṛtu-puṣpa-phalāḥ: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: ṛtu (प्रातिपदिक) + puṣpa (प्रातिपदिक) + phala (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Plural (बहुवचन); बहुपद-तत्पुरुष 'having seasonal flowers and fruits' (qualifying trees/shrubs)

• ca: and
• ca: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: ca (अव्यय)
• Form: Conjunction (समुच्चयबोधक)

• eva: indeed/just
• eva: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/particle)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: eva (अव्यय)
• Form: Particle (निपात), emphasis

• vṛkṣāḥ: trees
• vṛkṣāḥ: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: vṛkṣa (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Plural (बहुवचन)

• gulmāḥ: shrubs/bushes
• gulmāḥ: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: gulma (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Plural (बहुवचन)

• ca: and
• ca: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: ca (अव्यय)
• Form: Conjunction (समुच्चयबोधक)

• jajñire: were born/arose
• jajñire: Kriyā (क्रिया)
• Type: Verb
• Root: √jan (धातु)
• Form: Perfect (लिट्), 3rd person (प्रथमपुरुष), Plural (बहुवचन), Ātmanepada (आत्मनेपद)

• prādurbhāvaḥ: manifestation/appearance
• prādurbhāvaḥ: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: prādurbhāva (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Singular (एकवचन)

• tu: but/indeed
• tu: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/particle)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: tu (अव्यय)
• Form: Particle (निपात), contrast/emphasis

• tretāyām: in the Tretā (age)
• tretāyām: Adhikaraṇa (अधिकरण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: tretā (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Feminine (स्त्रीलिङ्ग), Locative (7th/सप्तमी), Singular (एकवचन)

• ādyaḥ: first/primeval
• ādyaḥ: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: ādya (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Singular (एकवचन)

• ayam: this
• ayam: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: idam (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Singular (एकवचन)

• auṣadhasya: of the herb/medicine
• auṣadhasya: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Genitive)
• Type: Noun
• Root: auṣadha (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Neuter (नपुंसकलिङ्ग), Genitive (6th/षष्ठी), Singular (एकवचन)

• tu: indeed
• tu: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/particle)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: tu (अव्यय)
• Form: Particle (निपात), emphasis

Speakers

• Narrative voice within Markandeya Purana (frame not explicit in given excerpt)

Verse Rasa

{ "primaryRasa": "adbhuta", "secondaryRasa": "shanta", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

Key Themes

• Yuga doctrine
• Cosmology
• Origins of vegetation
• Seasonal order (ṛtu-dharma)

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

Seasonality is depicted as dharma in nature—orderly timing and proportion. Human life, too, is meant to follow appropriate ‘ṛtu’ (right time/right measure).

How does this fit the Pancalakshana (5 characteristics)?

Manvantara/Yuga-related narration (as part of Purāṇic time-structure) combined with Sarga (appearance of life forms).

What is the esoteric significance?

‘Seasonal flowering’ points to ripening through cycles: virtues and insights bear fruit when time, conditions, and discipline mature—premature forcing is implied to be contrary to ṛta.