Shloka 10

Adhyaya 13 — Raivata and Chakshusha

Sanskrit

पुरुष उवाच

भो याम्यपुरुषाचक्ष्व किं मया दुष्कृतं कृतम् ।

येनॆदं यातनाभीमं प्राप्तोऽस्मि नरकं परम् ॥

Transliteration

puruṣa uvāca bho yāmya-puruṣācakṣva kiṃ mayā duṣkṛtaṃ kṛtam | yenedaṃ yātanābhīmaṃ prāpto 'smi narakaṃ param

Translation

その男は言った。「おお、ヤマ（閻魔）の僕よ、告げよ――いかなる悪業をなしたがゆえに、私はこの責め苦に満ちた恐るべき地獄に至ったのか。」

Word by Word

• puruṣaḥ: the man
• puruṣaḥ: Karta (कर्ता/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: puruṣa (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/Nominative), एकवचन

• uvāca: said
• uvāca: Kriyā (क्रिया/Verbal action)
• Type: Verb
• Root: vac (धातु)
• Form: लिट् (Perfect), प्रथमपुरुष, एकवचन; परस्मैपद

• bho: O!
• bho: Sambodhana (सम्बोधन/Address)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: bho (अव्यय)
• Form: सम्बोधन-निपात (vocative particle/interjection)

• yāmya-puruṣa: O servant of Yama
• yāmya-puruṣa: Sambodhana (सम्बोधन/Address)
• Type: Noun
• Root: yāmya (प्रातिपदिक) + puruṣa (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, सम्बोधन (Vocative), एकवचन; षष्ठी-तत्पुरुषः (यमस्य/याम्यः पुरुषः)

• ācakṣva: tell (me)
• ācakṣva: Kriyā (क्रिया/Command)
• Type: Verb
• Root: cakṣ (धातु)
• Form: लोट् (Imperative), मध्यमपुरुष, एकवचन; आत्मनेपद

• kim: what
• kim: Karma (कर्म/Object)
• Type: Noun
• Root: kim (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया (2nd/Accusative), एकवचन; प्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम

• mayā: by me
• mayā: Kartr̥-karaṇa (कर्तृ/Agent-instrumental usage)
• Type: Noun
• Root: asmad (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: उत्तमपुरुष-सर्वनाम, तृतीया (3rd/Instrumental), एकवचन

• duṣkṛtam: evil deed
• duṣkṛtam: Karma (कर्म/Object)
• Type: Noun
• Root: duṣkṛta (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया (2nd/Accusative), एकवचन

• kṛtam: done/committed
• kṛtam: Kriyā-viśeṣaṇa (क्रिया-विशेषण/Predicative)
• Type: Verb
• Root: kṛ (धातु)
• Form: क्त (past passive participle), नपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया, एकवचन; कर्मणि-भावः (done)

• yena: by which
• yena: Hetu (हेतु/Cause)
• Type: Noun
• Root: yad (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, तृतीया (3rd/Instrumental), एकवचन; सम्बन्ध/हेतु (by which/whereby)

• idam: this
• idam: Karma (कर्म/Object)
• Type: Noun
• Root: idam (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया (2nd/Accusative), एकवचन; सर्वनाम

• yātanā-bhīmam: terrible with torments
• yātanā-bhīmam: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण/Qualifier)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: yātanā (प्रातिपदिक) + bhīma (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया, एकवचन; षष्ठी-तत्पुरुषः (यातनायाः भयंकरम्)

• prāptaḥ: (I have) reached
• prāptaḥ: Kriyā (क्रिया/Predicate)
• Type: Verb
• Root: pra-āp (धातु)
• Form: क्त (past passive participle), पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन; कर्तरि प्रयोग (having reached)

• asmi: am
• asmi: Kriyā (क्रिया/Copula)
• Type: Verb
• Root: as (धातु)
• Form: लट् (Present), उत्तमपुरुष, एकवचन; परस्मैपद

• narakam: hell
• narakam: Karma (कर्म/Goal object)
• Type: Noun
• Root: naraka (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, द्वितीया (2nd/Accusative), एकवचन

• param: supreme/utter
• param: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण/Qualifier)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: para (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, द्वितीया, एकवचन; विशेषण

Speakers

• Vipaścit (as ‘puruṣa’) speaking to a Yāmya attendant

Verse Rasa

{ "primaryRasa": "karuna", "secondaryRasa": "bhayanaka", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

Primary Deities

• Yama

Key Themes

• Moral accountability
• Karma-vicāra (inquiry into action and result)
• Fear of consequences

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

The verse models ethical introspection: rather than denying or blaming, one asks what action produced the result—an essential Purāṇic method for dharma-teaching.

How does this fit the Pancalakshana (5 characteristics)?

Dharma instruction through narrative dialogue; not directly Sarga/Pratisarga/Vaṃśa/Manvantara/Vaṃśānucarita, though it may be embedded within a larger vaṃśānucarita storyline.

What is the esoteric significance?

The question ‘what did I do?’ is the awakening of buddhi within suffering—pain becomes the catalyst for discernment (viveka).