Sutra 10
Devanagari script
चतुष्पदद्विपदानामपि हि रूपलिङ्गसामान्यं भवति किमङ्ग पुनरेकयोनिद्रव्यकर्तृप्रसूतानां कुप्याभरणभाण्डानामिति ॥ कZ_०४.६.१० ॥
Transliteration
catuṣpadadvipadānām api hi rūpaliṅgasāmānyaṃ bhavati; kimaṅga punar ekayonidravyakartṛprasūtānāṃ kupyābharaṇabhāṇḍānām iti ।
Translation
四足の動物と二足の動物の間でさえ、形や識別標識が似ることがある。ましてや、同一の原材料から同一の作り手によって作られた加工品・装身具・器などの財は、なおさら似通い得る—すなわち見た目が同じになり得る。
Word by Word
चतुष्पदquadrupeds (four-footed animals)
चतुष्पद:
TypeNoun
Rootचतुर् + पद
Formपुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा-षष्ठी? (समासाङ्ग; here used as first member in genitive plural compound with द्विपद); stem चतुष्पद-
द्विपदbipeds (two-footed beings)
द्विपद:
TypeNoun
Rootद्वि + पद
Formपुंलिङ्ग; षष्ठी-बहुवचन (in चतुष्पद-द्विपदानाम्); stem द्विपद-
अपिeven; also
अपि:
TypeParticle
Rootअपि
Formनिपात; concessive/emphatic
हिindeed; for
हि:
TypeParticle
Rootहि
Formनिपात; explanatory/emphatic
रूपform; appearance
रूप:
TypeNoun
Rootरूप
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग; प्रथमा-एकवचन (as member of dvandva-like list रूप-लिङ्ग-सामान्यम्); stem रूप-
लिङ्गmark; distinguishing sign
लिङ्ग:
TypeNoun
Rootलिङ्ग
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग; प्रथमा-एकवचन (as member of list); stem लिङ्ग-
सामान्यम्commonality; sameness (generic similarity)
सामान्यम्:
TypeNoun
Rootसामान्य
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग; प्रथमा-एकवचन; predicate noun with भवति; stem सामान्य-
भवतिis/occurs; becomes
भवति:
TypeVerb
Rootभू
Formलट्; परस्मैपद; प्रथमपुरुष; एकवचन
किम्what?
किम्:
TypePronoun
Rootकिम्
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग; प्रथमा/द्वितीया-एकवचन; used idiomatically in किम् अङ्ग (rhetorical)
अङ्गthen; indeed (in rhetorical emphasis)
अङ्ग:
TypeParticle
Rootअङ्ग
Formनिपात; in idiom किमङ्ग = “how much more/what then”
पुनःagain; further
पुनः:
TypeAdverb
Rootपुनः
Formअव्यय
एकone; single
एक:
TypeNumeral/Adjective
Rootएक
Formसमासाङ्ग (in एक-योनि-...); stem एक-
योनिorigin; source; womb
योनि:
TypeNoun
Rootयोनि
Formस्त्रीलिङ्ग; समासाङ्ग; stem योनि-
द्रव्यmaterial; substance; commodity
द्रव्य:
TypeNoun
Rootद्रव्य
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग; समासाङ्ग; stem द्रव्य-
कर्तृmaker; doer; producer
कर्तृ:
TypeNoun
Rootकर्तृ (from √कृ)
Formपुंलिङ्ग; समासाङ्ग; stem कर्तृ-
प्रसूतproduced; brought forth
प्रसूत:
TypeParticiple (Adjectival)
Rootप्र + √सू (प्रसव/प्रसूत)
Formभूतकृदन्त (past passive participle sense: ‘produced/issued’); समासाङ्ग; stem प्रसूत-
कुप्यbase-metal (articles); metallic goods
कुप्य:
TypeNoun/Adjective
Rootकुप्य
Formसमासाङ्ग (in कुप्य-आभरण-भाण्डानाम्); stem कुप्य-
आभरणornament; jewellery
आभरण:
TypeNoun
Rootआ + √भृ (आभरण)
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग; समासाङ्ग; stem आभरण-
भाण्डvessel; utensil; ware
भाण्ड:
TypeNoun
Rootभाण्ड
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग; षष्ठी-बहुवचन (in ...भाण्डानाम्); stem भाण्ड-
इतिthus; so (end-quote)
इति:
TypeQuotative particle
Rootइति
Formअव्यय; quotation/closure marker
Entities Mentioned
A
animals (quadrupeds/bipeds)M
manufactured goods (kupyābharaṇa-bhāṇḍa)FAQs
That visual similarity is common; therefore courts must not rely solely on appearance to identify ownership of manufactured goods.
As an analogy: if even living beings can look similar, manufactured items from the same material/maker can be even harder to distinguish without corroboration.