Adhyakshaprachara Adhyaya 35 Sutra 4 - Arthashastra | Japanese | Vedapath

Kautilya

Sutra 4

Devanagari script

तेषु चैतावच्चातुर्वार्ण्यमेतावन्तः कर्षकगोरक्षकवैदेहककारुकर्मकरदासाश्च एतावच्च द्विपदचतुष्पदमिदं चैषु हिरण्यल्विष्टिशुल्कदण्डं समुत्तिष्ठतीति ॥ कZ_०२.३५.०४ ॥

Transliteration

teṣu caitāvac cāturvārṇyam etāvantaḥ karṣakagorakṣakavaidehakakārukarmakaradāsāś ca; etāvac ca dvipadacatuṣpadam; idaṃ ca eṣu hiraṇya-lviṣṭi-śulka-daṇḍaṃ samuttiṣṭhatīti

Translation

その中で彼は次のように記録すべきである。「四ヴァルナに属する者はこれだけ；耕作者、牧牛者、商人（ヴァイデーハカ）、職人、賃金労働者、奴隷はこれだけ；二足と四足はこれだけ；そしてこれらから現金収入、賦役／奉仕、通行税／関税、罰金がこれだけ生じる。」

Word by Word

तेषुamong them / in those (groups)

चand

एतावत्this much; to this extent

चातुर्वार्ण्यम्the four varṇas (fourfold social order)

एतावन्तःso many; of this number

कर्षकfarmers; cultivators

गोरक्षकcowherds; cattle-protectors

वैदेहकvaidehakas (a named occupational group)

कारुartisans

कर्मकरlabourers; workers

दासाःslaves; servants

चand

एतावत्this much; to this extent

चand

द्विपत्bipeds; two-footed beings

चतुष्पत्quadrupeds; four-footed beings

इदम्this

चand

एषुamong these / in these

हिरण्यgold; money

ल्विष्टिforced labour; corvée

शुल्कtoll; duty; fee

दण्डम्punishment; fine

समुत्तिष्ठतिarises; accrues; comes forth

इतिthus

Entities Mentioned

households

occupational groups

livestock holdings

revenue streams (tolls, fines)

FAQs

Why combine occupational counts with tolls and fines?

Occupations predict economic activity and compliance risk; tolls reflect trade volume, and fines reflect enforcement—together enabling revenue projection and governance planning.