Shloka 80

Śalya-hatānantarāṇi: Madrarāja-padānugānāṃ praskandana and the Pandava counter-encirclement (शल्यहतानन्तराणि—मद्रराजपदानुगानां प्रस्कन्दनम्)

Devanagari script

तत्‌ परे नान्वबुध्यन्त सैन्येन रजसा वृते

Transliteration

tat pare nānvabudhyanta sainyena rajasā vṛte

Translation

Sañjaya said: But those on the other side could not clearly perceive what was happening, for the army was enveloped in a cloud of dust. In the moral haze of battle—where confusion and obscured vision prevail—right judgment becomes difficult, and actions are driven more by circumstance than discernment.

Word by Word

• तत्: that (event/thing)
• तत्: Karma
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: तद्
• Form: Neuter, Accusative, Singular

• परे: the others (opponents/others)
• परे: Karta
• Type: Noun
• Root: पर
• Form: Masculine, Nominative, Plural

• न: not
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: न

• अन्वबुध्यन्त: understood/perceived (followingly)
• Type: Verb
• Root: अनु + बुध्
• Form: Imperfect (Laṅ), 3rd, Plural, Parasmaipada

• सैन्येन: by/with the army
• सैन्येन: Karana
• Type: Noun
• Root: सैन्य
• Form: Neuter, Instrumental, Singular

• रजसा: by/with dust
• रजसा: Karana
• Type: Noun
• Root: रजस्
• Form: Neuter, Instrumental, Singular

• वृते: when covered/enveloped
• वृते: Adhikarana
• Type: Adjective
• Root: वृ (वृणोति/वृणुते) → वृत
• Form: Neuter, Locative, Singular

Speaker

संजय उवाच

Characters & Entities

• संजय (Sañjaya)
• सैन्य (the army/host)
• रजस् (dust)