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Shloka 15

गोमूल्यनिर्णयः — The Determination of Value through the Cow

Nahuṣa–Cyavana Episode

यथा चतुर्ष वर्णेषु द्वयोरात्मास्य जायते । आनन्तर्यात्‌ प्रजायन्ते तथा बाह्या: प्रधानत:

yathā caturṣu varṇeṣu dvayor ātmāsya jāyate | ānantaryāt prajāyante tathā bāhyāḥ pradhānataḥ ||

Sebagaimana di antara empat varṇa, seorang putra yang diperanakkan dari perempuan satu varṇa—atau dari perempuan varṇa setingkat di bawahnya tanpa melompati tingkatan di antaranya—tetap dihitung sebagai varṇa sang ayah; tetapi bila pembuahan melampaui batas dengan melompati satu tingkatan, maka keturunan itu pada umumnya dipandang ‘di luar’ varṇa ayah dan ditempatkan pada kedudukan rendah menurut garis ibu. Demikian pula pada sembilan golongan campuran—Ambaṣṭha, Pāraśava, Ugra, Sūta, Vaidehaka, Cāṇḍāla, Māgadha, Niṣāda, dan Āyogava—bila mereka beranak dalam golongan sendiri atau dengan golongan setingkat di bawahnya, anak itu dianggap milik golongan ayah; namun bila melompati satu golongan dan beranak pada yang lebih rendah, anak itu dihitung menurut golongan ibu yang lebih hina.

यथाjust as
यथा:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootयथा
चतुर्षुin four
चतुर्षु:
Adhikarana
TypeAdjective
Rootचतुर्
FormMasculine/Neuter, Locative, Plural
वर्णेषुin the varnas/classes
वर्णेषु:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootवर्ण
FormMasculine, Locative, Plural
द्वयोःof two
द्वयोः:
TypeAdjective
Rootद्वि
FormMasculine/Neuter, Genitive, Dual
आत्माself; (one’s) own status/identity
आत्मा:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootआत्मन्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
अस्यof this (one)
अस्य:
TypePronoun
Rootइदम्
FormMasculine/Neuter, Genitive, Singular
जायतेis born; arises
जायते:
TypeVerb
Rootजन्
FormPresent, Indicative, Atmanepada, 3rd, Singular
आनन्तर्यात्from (immediate) proximity/without interval
आनन्तर्यात्:
Apadana
TypeNoun
Rootआनन्तर्य
FormNeuter, Ablative, Singular
प्रजायन्तेare born; come forth
प्रजायन्ते:
TypeVerb
Rootप्र + जन्
FormPresent, Indicative, Atmanepada, 3rd, Plural
तथाso; likewise
तथा:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootतथा
बाह्याःexternal; outside (the main group)
बाह्याः:
Karta
TypeAdjective
Rootबाह्य
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
प्रधानतःprimarily; chiefly
प्रधानतः:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootप्रधानतः

भीष्म उवाच

B
Bhīṣma
V
varṇa (fourfold social order)
A
Ambaṣṭha
P
Pāraśava
U
Ugra
S
Sūta
V
Vaidehaka
C
Cāṇḍāla
M
Māgadha
N
Niṣāda
Ā
Āyogava

Educational Q&A

Bhīṣma lays out a rule-of-thumb for assigning a child’s social status in cases of unions across groups: if the union is within the same group or with the immediately lower group (no skipped intermediary), the child is counted with the father; if an intermediate group is skipped, the child is treated as ‘outside’ the father’s group and aligned with the mother’s inferior status.

In the Anuśāsana Parva’s instructional setting, Bhīṣma is explaining to Yudhiṣṭhira normative classifications of mixed communities and descent. This verse extends a principle stated for the four varṇas to nine named mixed jāti-groups, describing how offspring are categorized depending on whether the union crosses adjacent or non-adjacent social boundaries.