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Shloka 56

Adhyāya 55: Pārtha–Rādheya Saṃvāda and Tactical Exchange

Chapter 55

महतो रथवंशस्य नानाध्वजपताकिन: । बलाहकाग्रे सूर्यो वा य एष प्रमुखे स्थित:

arjuna uvāca | mahato rathavaṁśasya nānādhvajapatākinaḥ | balāhakāgre sūryo vā ya eṣa pramukhe sthitaḥ |

Arjuna dit : «Voyez celui qui se tient tout à l’avant de cette immense armée de guerriers en chars, marquée de maints étendards et fanions : il resplendit comme le soleil qui surgit devant la masse des nuages. C’est Bhīṣma, fils de Śāntanu, notre aïeul ; assis sur un char splendide, portant un arc puissant, distingué par ses emblèmes et ses insignes royaux. Et pourtant, bien qu’il possède la majesté de la souveraineté, il s’est placé sous l’ordre de Duryodhana ; et cette vue brûle mon cœur de chagrin.»

महतःof the great
महतः:
Sambandha
TypeAdjective
Rootमहत्
FormMasculine/Neuter, Genitive, Singular
रथवंशस्यof the line/stock of chariots (chariot-lineage)
रथवंशस्य:
Sambandha
TypeNoun
Rootरथवंश
FormMasculine, Genitive, Singular
नानाध्वजपताकिनःbearing various flags and pennants
नानाध्वजपताकिनः:
Karta
TypeAdjective
Rootनानाध्वजपताकिन्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
बलाहकाग्रेat the front of the clouds
बलाहकाग्रे:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootबलाहकाग्र
FormNeuter, Locative, Singular
सूर्यःthe sun
सूर्यः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootसूर्य
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
वाor / as it were
वा:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootवा
यःwho
यः:
Karta
TypePronoun
Rootयद्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
एषःthis (one)
एषः:
Karta
TypePronoun
Rootएतद्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
प्रमुखेin the front / at the forefront
प्रमुखे:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun/Adjective
Rootप्रमुख
FormNeuter, Locative, Singular
स्थितःstanding/placed
स्थितः:
Karta
TypeVerb
Rootस्था
Formक्त (past passive participle), Masculine, Nominative, Singular

अजुन उवाच

A
Arjuna
B
Bhīṣma
Ś
Śāntanu
D
Duryodhana
C
chariot-corps (rathavaṁśa)
B
banners/standards (dhvaja, patākā)
S
sun (sūrya)
C
clouds (balāhaka)

Educational Q&A

The verse highlights the ethical pain caused when a venerable elder, worthy of honor and independent authority, submits to an unrighteous command. It frames a dharma-conflict: reverence for elders and loyalty to one’s side versus the sorrow of seeing greatness harnessed to adharma.

Arjuna identifies the foremost warrior shining at the head of the army as Bhīṣma, Śāntanu’s son. He describes Bhīṣma’s splendor and martial eminence, then laments that Bhīṣma, despite his stature, serves under Duryodhana—an image that deeply distresses him.