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Shloka 44

आपद्धर्मे वैश्यवृत्तिः, विक्रय-निषेधाः, तथा ब्रह्म-क्षत्र-सम्बन्धः

Emergency Livelihood, Prohibited Trade, and Brahman–Kshatra Regulation

कुन्तीनन्दन! जैसे काठका हाथी, चमड़ेका हिरन, हिजड़ा मनुष्य, ऊसर खेत तथा वर्षा न करनेवाला बादल--ये सब के सब व्यर्थ हैं, उसी प्रकार अपढ़ ब्राह्मण तथा रक्षा न करनेवाला राजा भी सर्वथा निरर्थक हैं ।। नित्यं यस्तु सतो रक्षेदसतश्न निवर्तयेत्‌ । स एव राजा कर्तव्यस्तेन सर्वमिदं धृतम्‌

kuntīnandana! yathā kāṣṭhako hastī, carmakṛto hariṇaḥ, ṣaṇḍho manuṣyaḥ, ūṣaraṃ kṣetram tathā vṛṣṭim akurvan meghaḥ—ete sarve vyarthāḥ; tathāvidha eva apāṭhito brāhmaṇaḥ arakṣitā ca rājā sarvathā nirarthakau. nityaṃ yas tu sataḥ rakṣed asataś ca nivartayet | sa eva rājā kartavyas tena sarvam idaṃ dhṛtam ||

Bhīṣma dit : «Ô fils de Kuntī, de même qu’un éléphant de bois, un cerf de cuir, un eunuque incapable d’accomplir les fins ordinaires de la vie domestique, un champ salin et stérile, et un nuage qui ne donne pas la pluie, sont tous vains, de même un brāhmane sans savoir et un roi qui ne protège pas sont entièrement dépourvus de raison d’être. Celui qui, sans cesse, sauvegarde les gens de bien et retient les méchants—lui seul doit être fait roi ; par lui se maintient tout l’ordre du monde.»

नित्यम्always
नित्यम्:
Adhikarana
TypeIndeclinable
Rootनित्य
FormAvyaya (adverb)
यःwho
यः:
Karta
TypePronoun
Rootयद्
FormMasculine, nominative, singular
तुbut/indeed
तु:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootतु
FormAvyaya (particle)
सतःof the good (virtuous)
सतः:
TypeNoun
Rootसत्
FormMasculine/Neuter, genitive, singular (used collectively: 'of the good')
रक्षेत्should protect
रक्षेत्:
TypeVerb
Rootरक्ष्
FormOptative (vidhi-liṅ), parasmaipada, 3rd person, singular, present-system
असतःof the bad (wicked)
असतः:
TypeNoun
Rootअसत्
FormMasculine/Neuter, genitive, singular (used collectively: 'of the wicked')
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
FormAvyaya (conjunction)
निवर्तयेत्should restrain/turn back
निवर्तयेत्:
TypeVerb
Rootनि-वृत् (causative: निवर्तयति)
FormOptative (vidhi-liṅ), parasmaipada, 3rd person, singular, causative
सःhe
सः:
Karta
TypePronoun
Rootतद्
FormMasculine, nominative, singular
एवalone/indeed
एव:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootएव
FormAvyaya (emphatic particle)
राजाking
राजा:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootराजन्
FormMasculine, nominative, singular
कर्तव्यःis to be made/should be appointed (as king)
कर्तव्यः:
TypeAdjective
Rootकृ (कर्तव्य)
FormMasculine, nominative, singular; gerundive (future passive participle) agreeing with 'राजा'
तेनby him/thereby
तेन:
Karana
TypePronoun
Rootतद्
FormMasculine/Neuter, instrumental, singular
सर्वम्all (this)
सर्वम्:
Karta
TypeAdjective
Rootसर्व
FormNeuter, nominative, singular (collective)
इदम्this
इदम्:
Karta
TypePronoun
Rootइदम्
FormNeuter, nominative, singular
धृतम्upheld/sustained
धृतम्:
TypeVerb
Rootधृ (धृत)
FormPast passive participle, neuter nominative singular; (elliptic passive: 'is upheld')

भीष्म उवाच

भीष्म (Bhīṣma)
कुन्तीनन्दन / युधिष्ठिर (Kuntīnandana / Yudhiṣṭhira)
हाथी (elephant)
हिरन (deer)
हिजड़ा / षण्ड (eunuch)
ऊसर खेत (barren saline field)
वर्षा न करनेवाला बादल (non-raining cloud)
ब्राह्मण (Brahmin)
राजा (king)

Educational Q&A

A ruler’s legitimacy is defined by function: constant protection of the righteous and active restraint of wrongdoing. Without protection, kingship becomes purposeless; likewise, without learning, a Brahmin fails in the role of preserving and teaching dharma.

In the Śānti Parva, Bhīṣma instructs Yudhiṣṭhira on rājadharma (the duties of a king). Here he uses vivid analogies of ‘useless’ things to stress that social offices (Brahminhood and kingship) are meaningful only when their defining duties—learning/teaching and protection/governance—are actually performed.