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Mahabharata — Anushasana Parva, Shloka 28

Rudra-Śiva: Names, Two Natures, and the Logic of Epithets (रुद्रनाम-बहुरूपत्व-प्रकरणम्)

(उक्त गृहस्थ-धर्मका पालन करना

śrīmaheśvara uvāca | (ukta-gṛhastha-dharmakā pālana karanā,) parāyī strīke saṃsargase dūra rahanā, dharohara aura satrī kī rakṣā karanā, binā diye kisīkī vastu na lenā tathā māṃsa aura madirāko tyāga denā—se dharmake pāṃca bheda haiṃ, jo sukhakī prāpti karānevāle haiṃ | inmeṃse eka-eka dharmakī aneka śākhāeṃ haiṃ | dharmako śreṣṭha mānanevāle manuṣyoṃko cāhiye ki ve puṇyaprad dharmakā pālana avaśya kareṃ || umovāca | bhagavan saṃśayaḥ pṛṣṭas tan me śaṃsitum arhasi | cāturvarṇyasya yo dharmaḥ sve sve varṇe guṇāvahaḥ ||

Maheśvara dit : « Voici les cinq formes de dharma qui mènent au bonheur : observer fidèlement les devoirs du maître de maison tels qu’ils ont été enseignés ; se tenir loin de toute fréquentation avec la femme d’autrui ; protéger les dépôts confiés et sauvegarder les femmes ; ne pas prendre le bien d’autrui sans qu’il ait été donné ; et renoncer à la viande ainsi qu’aux boissons enivrantes. Chacun de ces devoirs possède de nombreuses ramifications. Ainsi, ceux qui tiennent le dharma pour suprême doivent assurément suivre la voie de la droiture, porteuse de mérite. » Uma dit : « Seigneur bienheureux, je soulève un autre doute ; daigne me l’expliquer. Dis-moi le dharma des quatre varṇas—ce qui est particulièrement bénéfique, selon les qualités propres à chaque varṇa. »

उमाUmā
उमा:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootउमा
FormFeminine, Nominative, Singular
उवाचsaid
उवाच:
TypeVerb
Rootवच्
FormPerfect (Paroksha-bhuta), Third, Singular, Parasmaipada
भगवन्O Lord
भगवन्:
TypeNoun
Rootभगवत्
FormMasculine, Vocative, Singular
संशयःdoubt
संशयः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootसंशय
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
पृष्टःhas been asked
पृष्टः:
TypeVerb
Rootपृच्छ्
FormPast passive participle (क्त), Masculine, Nominative, Singular
तत्that (matter)
तत्:
Karma
TypePronoun
Rootतद्
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
मेto me / for me
मे:
Sampradana
TypePronoun
Rootअस्मद्
FormDative, Singular
शंसितुम्to tell, to explain
शंसितुम्:
TypeVerb
Rootशंस्
FormInfinitive (तुमुन्)
अर्हसिyou are able / you ought
अर्हसि:
TypeVerb
Rootअर्ह्
FormPresent (Lat), Second, Singular, Parasmaipada
चातुर्वर्ण्यस्यof the fourfold varṇa-system
चातुर्वर्ण्यस्य:
TypeNoun
Rootचातुर्वर्ण्य
FormNeuter, Genitive, Singular
यःwhich
यः:
TypePronoun
Rootयद्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
धर्मःduty, dharma
धर्मः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootधर्म
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
स्वेin one’s own
स्वे:
Adhikarana
TypeAdjective
Rootस्व
FormMasculine/Neuter, Locative, Singular
स्वेin one’s own
स्वे:
Adhikarana
TypeAdjective
Rootस्व
FormMasculine/Neuter, Locative, Singular
वर्णेin the varṇa (class)
वर्णे:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootवर्ण
FormMasculine, Locative, Singular
गुणावहःbringing benefit/virtue
गुणावहः:
TypeAdjective
Rootगुणावह
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular

श्रीमहेश्वर उवाच

Ś
Śrī Maheśvara (Śiva)
U
Umā (Pārvatī)

Educational Q&A

Dharma that yields happiness is grounded in disciplined household conduct, sexual restraint (avoiding another’s spouse), safeguarding trusts and women, refusing theft (taking only what is given), and sobriety/renunciation of meat and intoxicants; these are broad principles with many practical sub-rules.

Śiva enumerates five happiness-producing forms of dharma and notes their many branches; then Umā asks a follow-up question requesting the specific, beneficial duties appropriate to each of the four varṇas.