
Bhūpramāṇa–Brahmāṇḍavistara–Dvīpavarṣa-vibhāgaḥ
Ancient-Geography (Purāṇic Cosmography) & Genealogy
In a didactic setting led by Varāha, the sages question the eternal Rudra (Śambhu) about the dimensions of earth and cosmos: the Earth’s measure and form, and the extent of mountains, oceans, rivers, and the brahmāṇḍa. Rudra replies that such cosmography is taught throughout the Purāṇas and gives a concise account. He recounts the cosmogonic sequence—Nārāyaṇa generating the waters and Brahmā arising from the navel-lotus—then the Svāyambhuva Manu cycle and the widening of inhabited space through Priyavrata’s descendants. The chapter enumerates the seven dvīpas with their rulers and regions, details Jambūdvīpa’s nine varṣas and mountain ranges, and closes with a Bharata-lineage genealogy, placing human polity and settlement within cyclical cosmic administration.
Verse 1
श्रीवराह उवाच । पुनस्ते ऋषयः सर्वे तं पप्रच्छुः सनातनम् । रुद्रं पुराणपुरुषं शाश्वतं ध्रुवमव्ययम् । विश्वरूपमजं शम्भुं त्रिनेत्रं शूलपाणिनम् ॥ ७४.१ ॥
Śrī Varāha said: Then again, all those sages questioned that Eternal One—Rudra, the Primordial Person, everlasting, steadfast, imperishable; of universal form, unborn, Śambhu, three-eyed, bearing the trident in his hand.
Verse 2
ऋषय ऊचुः । त्वं परः सर्वदेवानामस्माकं च सुरेश्वर । पृच्छाम तेन त्वां प्रश्नमेकं तद् वक्तुमर्हसि ॥ ७४.२ ॥
The sages said: “You are supreme among all the gods, and also our lord of the devas. Therefore we ask you a single question; you ought to explain it.”
Verse 3
भूमिप्रमाणसंस्थानं पर्वतानां च विस्तारम् । समुद्राणां नदीणां च ब्रह्माण्डस्य च विस्तारम् । अस्माकं ब्रूहि कृपया देवदेव उमापते ॥ ७४.३ ॥
Kindly tell us, we pray, the measure and configuration of the earth; the extent of the mountains; the extent of the oceans and the rivers; and also the extent of the brahmāṇḍa, O God of gods, consort of Umā.
Verse 4
रुद्र उवाच । सर्वेष्वेव पुराणेषु भूर्लोकः परिकीर्त्यते । ब्रह्मविष्णुभवादीनां वायव्ये च सविस्तरम् ॥ ७४.४ ॥
Rudra said: “In all the Purāṇas, Bhūrloka—the earthly world—is indeed described; and in the Vāyavīya (Purāṇa) the accounts concerning Brahmā, Viṣṇu, Bhava (Śiva), and others are set forth in detail.”
Verse 5
इदानीं च प्रवक्ष्यामि समासाद् वः क्षमान्तरम् । तन्निबोधत धर्मज्ञा गदतो मम सत्तमाः ॥ ७४.५ ॥
Now I shall explain to you, in brief, the intervening interval of time. Grasp it well, you who know dharma, O best among the virtuous, as I speak.
Verse 6
योऽसौ सकलविद्यावबोधितपरमात्मरूपी विगतकल्मषः परमाणुरचिन्त्यात्मा नारायणः सकललोकालोकव्यापी पीताम्बरोरुवक्षः क्षितिधरो गुणतो मुख्यतस्तु—अणुमहद्दीर्घह्रस्वमकृशमलोहितमित्येवमाद्युपलक्षित—विज्ञानमात्ररूपम्। स भगवांस्त्रिप्रकारः सत्त्व-रजस्तमोद्रिक्तः सलिलं ससर्ज। तच्च सृष्ट्वा—नादिपुरुषः परमेश्वरो नारायणः सकलजगन्मयः सर्वमयो देवमयो यज्ञमय आपोमय आपोमूर्तिर्योगनिद्रया सुप्तस्य तस्य नाभौ सदब्जं निःससार। तस्मिन्सकलवेदनिधिरचिन्त्यात्मा परमेश्वरो ब्रह्मा प्रजापतिरभवत् स च सनकसनन्दनसनत्कुमारादीन् ज्ञानधर्मिणः पूर्वमुत्पाद्य पश्चान्मनुं स्वायम्भुवं मरीच्यादीन् दक्षान्तान् ससर्ज। यः स्वायम्भुवो मनुर्भगवता सृष्टस्तस्मादारभ्य भुवनस्यातिविस्तरो वर्ण्यते। तस्य च मनोर्द्वौ पुत्रौ बभूवतुः प्रियव्रतोत्तानपादौ। प्रियव्रतस्य दश पुत्रा बभूवुः—आग्नीघ्रोऽग्निबाहुर्मेधो मेधातिथिर्ध्रुवो ज्योतिष्मान् द्युतिमान् हव्यवपुष्मत्सवनान्ताः। स च प्रियव्रतः सप्तद्वीपेषु सप्त पुत्रान् स्थापयामास। तत्र चाग्नीध्रं जम्बूद्वीपेश्वरं चक्रे—शाकद्वीपेश्वरं मेधातिथिं कुशे ज्योतिष्मन्तं क्रौञ्चे द्युतिमन्तं शाल्मले वपुष्मन्तं गोमेदस्येश्वरं हव्यं पुष्कराधिपतिं सवनमिति। पुष्करेशस्यापि सवनस्य द्वौ पुत्रौ महावीतधातकी भवेताम्। तयोर् देशौ गोमेदश्च नाम्ना व्यवस्थितौ। धातकेर्धातकीखण्डं कुमुदस्य च कौमुदम्। शाल्मलाधिपतेरपि वपुष्मन्तस्य त्रयः पुत्राः सकुशवैद्युतजीमूतनामानः। सकुशस्य सकुशनामा देशः वैद्युतस्य वैद्युतः जीमूतस्य जीमूत इति—एते शाल्मलेर्देशाः। तथा च द्युतिमतः सप्त पुत्रकाः—कुशलो मनुगोष्ठौष्णः पीवरो द्याण्डकारकमुनिदुन्दुभिश्चेति। तन्नाम्ना क्रौञ्चे सप्त महादेशनामानि। कुशद्वीपेश्वरस्यापि ज्योतिष्मतः सप्तैव पुत्रास्तद्यथा—उद्भिदो वेणुमांश्चैव रथोपलम्बनो धृतिः प्रभाकरः कपिल इति। तन्नामान्येव वर्षाणि द्रष्टव्यानि। शाकाधिपस्यापि सप्त पुत्रा मेधातिथेस्तद्यथा—शान्तभयशिशिरसुखोदयम् नन्दशिवक्षेमकध्रुवा इति। एते सप्त पुत्राः—एतन्नामान्येव वर्षाणि। अथ जम्बूद्वीपेश्वरस्यापि आग्नीध्रस्य नव पुत्रा बभूवुः—तद्यथा नाभिः किम्पुरुषो हरिवर्ष इलावृतो रम्यको हिरण्मयः कुरुर्भद्राश्वः केतुमालश्चेति। एतन्नामान्येव वर्षाणि। नाभेर् हिमवन्तं हेमकूटं किम्पुरुषं नैषधं हरिवर्षं मेरुमध्यं इलावृत्तं नीलं रम्यकं श्वेतं हिरण्मयम् उत्तरं च शृङ्गवतं कुरवो माल्यवन्तं भद्राश्वं गन्धमादनं केतुमालमिति। एवं स्वायम्भुवेऽन्तरे भुवनप्रतिष्ठा। कल्पे कल्पे चैवमेव सप्त सप्त पार्थिवैः क्रियते भूमेः पालनं व्यवस्था च। एष स्वभावः कल्पस्य सदा भवतीति। अत्र नाभेः सर्गं कथयामि। नाभिर्मेरुदेव्यां पुत्रमजनयद् ऋषभनामानं तस्य भरतो जज्ञे पुत्रश्च तावदग्रजः। तस्य भरतस्य पिता ऋषभो हिमाद्रेर् दक्षिणं वर्षमदाद् भारतं नाम। भरतस्यापि पुत्रः सुमतिर् नाम। तस्य राज्यं दत्त्वा भरतोऽपि वनं ययौ। सुमतेस्तेजस्तत्पुत्रः सत्सुर् नाम। तस्यापीन्द्रद्युम्नो नाम। तस्यापि परमेष्ठी तस्यापि प्रतिहर्ता तस्य निखातो निखातस्य उन्नेता उन्नेतुरप्यभावस्तस्योद्गाता तस्य प्रस्तोता प्रस्तोतुश्च विभुः विभोः पृथुः पृथोरनन्तः अनन्तस्यापि गयः गयस्य नयस्तस्य विराटः। तस्यापि महावीर्यस्ततः सुधीमान् धीमतो महान् महतो भौमनो भौमनस्य त्वष्टा त्वष्टुर्विरजाः। तस्य राजो राजस्य शतजित्। तस्य पुत्रशतं जज्ञे तेनैमा वर्धिताः प्रजाः। तैरिदं भारतं वर्षं सप्तद्वीपं समाङ्कितम्॥ ७४.६ ॥
That Nārāyaṇa—whose form is the supreme Self made manifest through the comprehension of all knowledges, free from impurity, subtle as an atom and inconceivable in essence—pervades all realms of light and non-light; clad in yellow garments and broad-chested, he upholds the earth. In terms of qualities he is chiefly characterized as minute and great, long and short, neither emaciated nor corpulent, neither black nor red, and so forth—his nature being pure consciousness alone. That Blessed One, in a threefold mode dominated by sattva, rajas, and tamas, produced the waters. Having produced them, the beginningless Person, the supreme Lord Nārāyaṇa—pervading the whole cosmos, constituted of the gods, of sacrifice (yajña), and of the waters, having the waters as his body—while asleep in yogic sleep (yoganidrā), caused a true lotus to emerge from his navel. Upon it appeared Brahmā, Prajāpati, inconceivable and a repository of all the Vedas. He first brought forth the knowledge-oriented sages such as Sanaka, Sanandana, and Sanatkumāra, and thereafter created Svāyambhuva Manu, Marīci and the others up to Dakṣa. From Svāyambhuva Manu, created by the Lord, the vast expanse of the world is described. Manu had two sons, Priyavrata and Uttānapāda. Priyavrata had ten sons: Āgnīdhra, Agnibāhu, Medha, Medhātithi, Dhruva, Jyotiṣmān, Dyutimān, Havya, Vapuṣmān, and Savana. Priyavrata installed seven sons as rulers over the seven continents (dvīpas): Āgnīdhra over Jambūdvīpa; Medhātithi over Śākadvīpa; Jyotiṣmān over Kuśadvīpa; Dyutimān over Krauñcadvīpa; Vapuṣmān over Śālmaladvīpa; Havya over Gomedadvīpa; and Savana as lord of Puṣkaradvīpa. Savana of Puṣkara had two sons, Mahāvīta and Dhātakī, and their regions were established by name. Dhātakī had a division called Dhātakīkhaṇḍa, and Kumuda had a region called Kaumuda. Vapuṣmān, ruler of Śālmala, had three sons—Sakuśa, Vaidyuta, and Jīmūta—after whom the regions of Śālmala were named. Dyutimān had seven sons—Kuśala, Manugoṣṭha, Uṣṇa, Pīvara, Dyāndhakāraka, Muni, and Dundubhi—after whom seven great regions in Krauñca were named. Jyotiṣmān of Kuśa had sons such as Udbhida, Veṇumāṁś, Rathopalambana, Dhṛti, Prabhākara, and Kapila, and the provinces are to be understood by these very names. Medhātithi of Śāka had seven sons—Śāntabhaya, Śiśira, Sukhodaya, Nanda, Śiva, Kṣemaka, and Dhruva—whose names likewise designate the provinces. Āgnīdhra, lord of Jambūdvīpa, had nine sons: Nābhi, Kimpuruṣa, Harivarṣa, Ilāvṛta, Ramyaka, Hiraṇmaya, Kuru, Bhadrāśva, and Ketumāla—these too being the names of the regions. Thus the world-order is established in the Svāyambhuva Manvantara; and in each kalpa, similarly, the governance and administrative order of the earth are arranged by sets of seven kings—this is said to be the recurring nature of a kalpa. Next, the lineage from Nābhi is stated: Nābhi begot Ṛṣabha through Merudevī; Ṛṣabha’s son was Bharata, after whom the southern region of the Himālaya was named Bhārata. Bharata’s son was Sumati; Bharata entrusted the kingdom to him and went to the forest. Thereafter follows a royal succession culminating in Śatajit, who had a hundred sons; through them the peoples were increased, and this Bhārata-varṣa, together with the seven dvīpas, was marked out and ordered.
Verse 7
तेषां वंशप्रसूत्याऽऽ तु भुक्तेयं भारती प्रजा । कृतत्रेतादियुक्त्या तु युगाख्या ह्येकसप्ततिः ॥ ७४.७ ॥
Through the propagation of their lineage, this Bhāratī people—the inhabitants of Bhārata—has been sustained. And by the ordering of the Kṛta, Tretā, and the other ages, the designation of the yugas is stated to be seventy-one.
Verse 8
भुवनस्य प्रसङ्गेन मन्वन्तरमिदं शुभम् । स्वायम्भुवं च कथितं मनोर्द्वीपान्निबोधत ॥ ७४.८ ॥
In connection with the account of the worlds, this auspicious Manvantara—the Svāyambhuva Manvantara—has been explained. Now learn of Manu’s dvīpas (island-continents).
The chapter primarily frames knowledge of Earth and cosmos as a component of dharma-informed governance: territorial order, human settlement, and rulership are presented as embedded in cyclical cosmic administration (kalpa and manvantara), implying that maintaining stability on Earth is part of a larger regulative order described through cosmography and genealogy.
No specific tithi, nakṣatra, lunar-month, or seasonal ritual timing is prescribed here. The principal chronological markers are macro-cosmic: kalpa cycles and the Svāyambhuva Manvantara, used to contextualize recurring patterns of Earth’s administration and division.
Environmental balance appears indirectly through the text’s model of Earth as a regulated system: dvīpas/varṣas, mountain ranges, and the distribution of realms are portrayed as stable structures repeatedly instituted across kalpas. This cosmographic ordering can be read as an early framework for ‘terrestrial balance,’ where stewardship is expressed as maintaining the integrity of established land divisions and governance norms rather than through explicit conservation rules.
The narrative references Nārāyaṇa, Brahmā (as Prajāpati), the jñāna-oriented figures Sanaka, Sanandana, Sanatkumāra, Svāyambhuva Manu, Marīci and other progenitors up to Dakṣa, Priyavrata and his sons (including Agnīdhra), and the Jambūdvīpa line Nābhi → Ṛṣabha → Bharata, followed by an extended royal genealogy culminating in Śatajit and his hundred sons, presented as expanding and stabilizing Bhārata-varṣa.
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