Shloka 20

यदि धर्मका उल्लंघन करनेपर भी लुटेरोंका वध न किया जाय तो उनसे सारी प्रजाको कष्ट पहुँच सकता है। पहले और बहुत पहलेके लोगोंपर शासन करना सुगम था, क्योंकि उनका स्वभाव कोमल था, सत्यमें उनकी विशेष रुचि थी और द्रोह तथा क्रोधकी मात्रा उनमें बहुत कम थी। पहले अपराधीको धिककार देना ही बड़ा भारी दण्ड समझा जाता था। तदनन्तर अपराधकी मात्रा बढ़नेपर वाग्दण्डका प्रचार हुआ--अपराधीको कटुवचन सुनाकर छोड़ दिया जाने लगा ।। आसीदादानदण्डो5पि वधदण्डोड्द्य वर्तते । वधेनापि न शक्‍्यन्ते नियन्तुमपरे जना:,इसके बाद आवश्यकता समझकर अर्थदण्ड भी चालू किया गया और आजकल तो वधका दण्ड भी प्रचलित हो गया है। बहुत-से दुष्टात्मा मनुष्योंको तो प्राणदण्डके द्वारा भी काबूमें लाना या मर्यादाके भीतर रखना असम्भव-सा हो रहा है

āsīd ādāna-daṇḍo 'pi vadha-daṇḍo 'dya vartate | vadhena 'pi na śakyante niyantum apare janāḥ ||

Humatsena said: “In earlier times, even confiscation of goods was considered sufficient punishment; but today the penalty of execution has come into use. Yet there are some people so incorrigible that they cannot be restrained within moral bounds even by putting them to death.”

आसीत्was/existed
आसीत्:
TypeVerb
Rootअस् (धातु)
FormImperfect (लङ्), 3, Singular, Parasmaipada
आदानदण्डःfine/pecuniary punishment (taking/levying penalty)
आदानदण्डः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootआदानदण्ड (प्रातिपदिक)
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
अपिalso/even
अपि:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootअपि
वधदण्डःcapital punishment/death penalty
वधदण्डः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootवधदण्ड (प्रातिपदिक)
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
अद्यtoday/now
अद्य:
Adhikarana
TypeIndeclinable
Rootअद्य
वर्ततेprevails/exists
वर्तते:
TypeVerb
Rootवृत् (धातु)
FormPresent (लट्), 3, Singular, Atmanepada
वधेनby killing/through execution
वधेन:
Karana
TypeNoun
Rootवध (प्रातिपदिक)
FormMasculine, Instrumental, Singular
अपिeven/also
अपि:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootअपि
not
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
शक्यन्तेare possible/are able
शक्यन्ते:
TypeVerb
Rootशक् (धातु)
FormPresent (लट्), 3, Plural, Atmanepada, Passive sense: 'are able to be...'
नियन्तुम्to restrain/control
नियन्तुम्:
TypeVerb
Rootनि-यम् (धातु)
FormTumun (infinitive), Parasmaipada (infinitival)
अपरेother (people)
अपरे:
Karta
TypeAdjective
Rootअपर (प्रातिपदिक)
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
जनाःpeople
जनाः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootजन (प्रातिपदिक)
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural

हुमत्सेन उवाच

H
Humatsena

Educational Q&A

The verse reflects on the escalation of punishments over time: from milder penalties like confiscation to execution, yet it warns that even the harshest penalty may fail to reform certain deeply unrighteous individuals—highlighting the limits of coercive punishment and the complexity of maintaining dharma in society.

In the Śānti Parva’s discourse on governance and moral order, Humatsena comments on how rulers have progressively adopted harsher forms of daṇḍa (punishment) as wrongdoing increased, noting that some offenders remain uncontrollable even under the threat or application of death penalty.