Shloka 19

Devanagari script

ततस्तद्‌ युद्धमत्युग्रमभवत्‌ सहचारिणाम्‌ | तथा सर्वाण्यनीकानि संनिपत्य जनाधिप

Transliteration

tatas tad yuddham atyugram abhavat sahacāriṇām | tathā sarvāṇy anīkāni saṁnipatya janādhipa ||

Translation

Sañjaya said: Thereupon the battle among the allied companions grew exceedingly fierce. And so, O king, all the divisions of the armies, closing in together, collided in a single, tumultuous engagement.

Word by Word

• ततः: then/thereupon
• ततः: Adhikarana
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: ततः
• Form: Avyaya (ablatival adverb: 'from/then')

• तत्: that (battle/that event)
• तत्: Karta
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: तद्
• Form: Neuter, nominative, singular

• युद्धम्: battle
• युद्धम्: Karta
• Type: Noun
• Root: युद्ध
• Form: Neuter, nominative, singular

• अति-उग्रम्: exceedingly fierce
• अति-उग्रम्: Karta
• Type: Adjective
• Root: अति + उग्र
• Form: Neuter, nominative, singular (agreeing with युद्धम्)

• अभवत्: became/was
• अभवत्: Karta
• Type: Verb
• Root: भू
• Form: Imperfect (लङ्), parasmaipada, 3rd person, singular

• सहचारिणाम्: of the companions/allies
• सहचारिणाम्: Adhikarana
• Type: Noun
• Root: सहचारिन्
• Form: Masculine, genitive, plural

• तथा: and likewise/also
• तथा: Adhikarana
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: तथा
• Form: Avyaya

• सर्वाणि: all
• सर्वाणि: Karta
• Type: Adjective
• Root: सर्व
• Form: Neuter, nominative, plural (agreeing with अनीकानि)

• अनीकानि: armies/divisions
• अनीकानि: Karta
• Type: Noun
• Root: अनीक
• Form: Neuter, nominative, plural

• संनिपत्य: having come together/after assembling
• संनिपत्य: Adhikarana
• Type: Verb
• Root: सम् + नि + पत्
• Form: Absolutive (क्त्वा/ल्यप्), indeclinable gerund

• जनाधिप: O king (lord of men)
• जनाधिप: Sampradana
• Type: Noun
• Root: जन + अधिप
• Form: Masculine, vocative, singular

Speaker

संजय उवाच

Characters & Entities

• Sanjaya
• Janadhipa (the king, i.e., Dhritarashtra)
• army divisions (anīkāni)
• battle (yuddha)

Educational Q&A

What is the core teaching?

The verse underscores how collective allegiance and kṣatriya duty intensify warfare: once armies converge, personal restraint yields to the momentum of mass conflict, highlighting the ethical gravity of decisions that lead to war.

What is happening in the narrative?

Sanjaya reports to the king that the fighting has become extremely fierce, with all the army divisions pressing together and clashing at once, marking a heightened phase of the battle.