Shloka 45
Devanagari script
संजय उवाच एवमादीनि वाक्यानि क्रूराणि परुषाणि च
Transliteration
sañjaya uvāca evamādīni vākyāni krūrāṇi paruṣāṇi ca
Translation
Sañjaya said: Thus were spoken words of this kind—cruel and harsh—revealing how, amid the fury of war, speech itself becomes a weapon that wounds and degrades, departing from restraint and righteous conduct.
Word by Word
संजयःSanjaya
संजयः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootसंजय
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
उवाचsaid
उवाच:
Karma
TypeVerb
Rootवच्
FormPerfect (Paroksha-bhuta), Third, Singular, Parasmaipada
एवम्-आदीनिsuch and similar (beginning with 'thus')
एवम्-आदीनि:
Karma
TypeAdjective
Rootएवम्-आदि
FormNeuter, Accusative, Plural
वाक्यानिwords; statements
वाक्यानि:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootवाक्य
FormNeuter, Accusative, Plural
क्रूराणिcruel
क्रूराणि:
Karma
TypeAdjective
Rootक्रूर
FormNeuter, Accusative, Plural
परुषाणिharsh; rough
परुषाणि:
Karma
TypeAdjective
Rootपरुष
FormNeuter, Accusative, Plural
चand
च:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootच
Speaker
संजय उवाच
Characters & Entities
S
SañjayaCharacter Dynamics
Dharma Sankata (Moral Dilemma)
War Context
Verse Rasa (Emotional Essence)
Philosophical Teaching
Political Layer
Geographic Context
Cross References
Meter (Chandas)
Sandhi Notes
Educational Q&A
The verse highlights the ethical decline that occurs when speech turns cruel and harsh; even in conflict, unrestrained, wounding words are portrayed as a moral failing that departs from dharma and self-control.
Sañjaya, as narrator, reports that statements of a cruel and harsh kind were spoken—setting the tone for a tense exchange or escalation in the war narrative where verbal aggression accompanies physical violence.