Mahabharata — Ashvamedhika Parva, Shloka 54
Mind as Charioteer; Kṣetrajña, Tapas, and Dhyāna-Yoga
Adhyātma-Upadeśa
एवं दशविधो ज्ञेयः शब्द आकाशसम्भव: । षड़्ज, ऋषभ, गान्धार, मध्यम, पञ्चम, निषाद, धैवत, इष्ट (प्रिय), अनिष्ट (अप्रिय) और संहत (श्लिष्ट)--इस प्रकार विभागवाले आकाशजनित शब्दके दस भेद हैं ।।
evaṁ daśavidho jñeyaḥ śabda ākāśasambhavaḥ | ṣaḍja ṛṣabha gāndhāra madhyama pañcama niṣāda dhaivata iṣṭa (priya) aniṣṭa (apriya) ca saṁhata (śliṣṭa) iti—evaṁ vibhāgavān ākāśajanitaḥ śabdo daśadhā | ākāśam uttamaṁ bhūtam ahaṅkāras tataḥ paraḥ; ahaṅkārāt paraṁ buddhiḥ, buddher ātmā paraḥ; ātmanaḥ param avyaktā prakṛtiḥ, prakṛter api paraḥ puruṣaḥ |
Vāyu said: “Sound, which arises from space (ākāśa), should be understood as tenfold—namely the seven musical notes (ṣaḍja, ṛṣabha, gāndhāra, madhyama, pañcama, niṣāda, dhaivata), along with what is pleasing, what is displeasing, and what is blended/combined. Thus the sound born of space is divided into ten kinds. Space is the foremost among the elements; higher than space is ego-sense (ahaṅkāra); higher than ego-sense is intellect (buddhi); higher than intellect is the self (ātman); higher than the self is unmanifest Nature (avyaktā prakṛti); and higher than Nature is the Person (puruṣa).”
वायुदेव उवाच
Educational Q&A
The passage links sensory experience to metaphysics: sound is rooted in ākāśa and can be classified (musical notes plus affective qualities), and it then presents a hierarchy of principles—ākāśa < ahaṅkāra < buddhi < ātman < unmanifest prakṛti < puruṣa—guiding the listener from the gross element toward the highest conscious reality.
Vāyudeva is instructing the audience in a doctrinal exposition: first defining and classifying ‘sound’ as an attribute arising from space, then expanding into a Sāṅkhya-like ordering of cosmic and psychological principles culminating in puruṣa.