Sutra 3

Devanagari script

सत्यं शपथो वा चलः संधिः प्रतिभूः प्रतिग्रहो वा स्थावरः इत्याचार्याः ॥ कZ_०७.१७.०३ ॥

Transliteration

satyaṃ śapatho vā calaḥ saṃdhiḥ pratibhūḥ pratigraho vā sthāvaraḥ ityācāryāḥ

Translation

The teachers say: a ‘movable/contingent’ treaty is (secured by) truthfulness or an oath; a ‘fixed/durable’ treaty is (secured by) a guarantor or by receiving a pledge.

Word by Word

• सत्यम्: truthfulness; a truthful declaration (as a means of assurance)
• Type: Noun
• Root: सत्य
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया एकवचन (अत्र परिभाषा-रूपेण)

• शपथः: an oath
• Type: Noun
• Root: शपथ
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा एकवचन

• वा: or
• Type: Particle
• Root: वा
• Form: विकल्पार्थक अव्यय

• चलः: movable; unstable
• Type: Adjective
• Root: चल
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा एकवचन; विशेषणम्

• संधिः: treaty; alliance; agreement
• Type: Noun
• Root: संधि
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा एकवचन

• प्रतिभूः: surety; guarantor
• Type: Noun
• Root: प्रतिभू
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा एकवचन; ऊ-प्रत्ययान्त (भू धातोः)

• प्रतिग्रहः: acceptance; receiving (as a security/pledge)
• Type: Noun
• Root: प्रतिग्रह
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा एकवचन

• वा: or
• Type: Particle
• Root: वा
• Form: विकल्पार्थक अव्यय

• स्थावरः: immovable; stable
• Type: Adjective
• Root: स्थावर
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा एकवचन; विशेषणम्

• इति: thus; so (quotative)
• Type: Particle
• Root: इति
• Form: इत्यर्थक अव्यय; उद्धरण/समाप्त्यर्थे

• आचार्याः: the teachers (authorities)
• Type: Noun
• Root: आचार्य
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा बहुवचन

Entities Mentioned

• ācārya (teachers)
• śapatha (oath)
• pratibhū (guarantor)
• pratigraha (pledge)

More Details

FAQs

What is the difference between cala and sthāvara treaties?

Cala treaties rely on moral commitment (truth/oath) and are easier to revise or break; sthāvara treaties rely on enforceable securities (guarantor/pledge) and are harder to violate.