Sutra 11

Devanagari script

तेन कर्षोत्तरा दण्डवृद्धिर्व्याख्याता ॥ कZ_०४.२.११ ॥

Transliteration

tena karṣottarā daṇḍavṛddhir vyākhyātā

Translation

By this (rule), the progressive increase of fines for each additional karṣa is explained.

Word by Word

• तेन: by that; thereby; on that basis
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: तद्
• Form: सर्वनाम-शब्दः; तृतीया-एकवचनम्; नपुंसकलिङ्गम् (करणे/हेतौ)

• कर्ष-उत्तरा: having ‘karṣa’ as the next higher step; karṣa-based (increment/scale)
• Type: Adjective (compound)
• Root: कर्ष + उत्तर
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्; दण्डवृद्धिः इत्यस्य विशेषणम्; ‘कर्षस्य उत्तरा’ = कर्षाधिक्या/कर्षपर्यन्ता

• दण्ड-वृद्धिः: increase (gradation) of the fine/penalty
• Type: Noun (compound)
• Root: दण्ड + वृद्धि
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्गम्; प्रथमा-एकवचनम्

• व्याख्याता: has been explained; has been set forth
• Type: Verb (past passive participle)
• Root: वि-आ-ख्या (ख्यै)
• Form: कृदन्तः (क्त); प्रथमा-एकवचनम्; स्त्रीलिङ्गे (दण्डवृद्धिः इत्यस्य अन्वयः)

Entities Mentioned

• karṣa
• daṇḍa

More Details

FAQs

What ‘nīti’ idea is embedded in repeated escalation clauses?

Daṇḍanīti: punishment must be predictable, proportionate, and extensible to unlisted magnitudes to sustain market order.