Sutra 22

Devanagari script

शस्त्रवर्मकवचलोहरथरत्नधान्यपशूनामन्यतममनिर्वाह्यं निर्वाहयतो यथावघुषितो दण्डः पण्यनाशश्च ॥ कZ_०२.२१.२२ ॥

Transliteration

śastravarmakavacaloharatharatnadhānyapaśūnām anyatamam anirvāhyaṃ nirvāhayato yathāvaghuṣito daṇḍaḥ paṇyanāśaś ca

Translation

If anyone transports, without authorization, any among weapons, armor, coats of mail, iron, chariots, gems, grain, or livestock, the penalty shall be as publicly proclaimed, and the goods shall be confiscated/destroyed (i.e., the merchandise is lost).

Word by Word

• शस्त्र: weapons
• Type: Noun
• Root: शस्त्र
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग; प्रथमा/द्वितीया बहुवचन (समाहार-गणना-प्रयोगः)

• वर्म: armour (mail/coat of defence)
• Type: Noun
• Root: वर्मन्
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग; प्रथमा/द्वितीया बहुवचन (समाहार-गणना-प्रयोगः)

• कवच: protective armour
• Type: Noun
• Root: कवच
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग; प्रथमा/द्वितीया बहुवचन (समाहार-गणना-प्रयोगः)

• लोह: metal/iron
• Type: Noun
• Root: लोह
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग; प्रथमा/द्वितीया बहुवचन (समाहार-गणना-प्रयोगः)

• रथ: chariots
• Type: Noun
• Root: रथ
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा/द्वितीया बहुवचन (समाहार-गणना-प्रयोगः)

• रत्न: gems/precious articles
• Type: Noun
• Root: रत्न
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग; प्रथमा/द्वितीया बहुवचन (समाहार-गणना-प्रयोगः)

• धान्य: grain
• Type: Noun
• Root: धान्य
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग; प्रथमा/द्वितीया बहुवचन (समाहार-गणना-प्रयोगः)

• पशु: of cattle/livestock
• Type: Noun
• Root: पशु
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; षष्ठी बहुवचन (पशूनाम्)

• अन्यतमम्: any one (of these)
• Type: Pronoun/Adjective
• Root: अन्यतम
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग; प्रथमा/द्वितीया एकवचन; विशेषणम् (…पशूनाम् इत्यादि-समूहात्)

• अनिर्वाह्यम्: not deliverable / not possible to supply
• Type: Participle (Gerundive/Kṛtya)
• Root: निर्वह् (निर्+वह्)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग; प्रथमा/द्वितीया एकवचन; न-प्रत्ययेन निषेधः; ‘निर्वाह्य’ = निर्वहणीय/सम्पादनीय

• निर्वाहयतः: of the person who supplies/fulfils (the delivery)
• Type: Participle (Present Active)
• Root: निर्वह् (निर्+वह्)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; षष्ठी एकवचन; वर्तमानकृदन्त (शतृ) ‘निर्वाहयत्’—(तस्य) निर्वाहयतः = ‘of one who is supplying/fulfilling’

• यथा: as / according to
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: यथा
• Form: अव्यय; उपमान/प्रकारार्थे

• अवघुषितः: proclaimed/announced beforehand
• Type: Participle (Past Passive)
• Root: घुष् (अव+घुष्)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा एकवचन; क्त-प्रत्ययान्त; ‘अवघुषित’ = घोषित/प्रख्यापित

• दण्डः: the penalty (fine/punishment)
• Type: Noun
• Root: दण्ड
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा एकवचन

• पण्यनाशः: loss/forfeiture of the merchandise
• Type: Noun
• Root: पण्य + नाश
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा एकवचन; पण्यस्य नाशः

• च: and
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च
• Form: अव्यय; समुच्चयार्थक

Entities Mentioned

• śulkādhyakṣa (implied)
• antapāla (implied)
• traders/caravans

More Details

FAQs

What is the policy intent behind listing weapons, armor, iron, and grain as ‘anirvāhya’ (non-exportable/non-transportable without leave)?

They are strategic commodities affecting security and subsistence; the state restricts movement to prevent arming rivals, hoarding, or destabilizing supply.

Why emphasize ‘yathāvaghuṣita’ (as proclaimed)?

It signals a rule-of-law technique: penalties must be publicly notified to deter violations and reduce discretionary abuse by officials.