Shloka 57

Adhyaya 57 — The Ninefold Divisions of Bharata: Mountains, Rivers, and Peoples

Sanskrit

कुन्तप्रावरणाश्चैव ऊर्णा दार्वाः सकृत्रकाः । त्रिगर्ता गालवाश्चैव किरातास्तामसैः सह ॥

Transliteration

kuntaprāvaraṇāś caiva ūrṇā dārvāḥ sakṛtrakāḥ | trigartā gālavāś caiva kirātās tāmasaiḥ saha ||

Translation

Ferner gibt es die Kuntaprāvaraṇas, die Ūrṇas, die Dārvāḥ und die Sakṛtrakāḥ; ebenso die Trigartas und die Gālavās sowie die Kirātas zusammen mit den Tāmasas.

Word by Word

• कुन्तप्रावरणाः: the Kuntaprāvaraṇas (a people/tribe)
• कुन्तप्रावरणाः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: कुन्त-प्रावरण (प्रातिपदिक; कुन्त + प्रावरण)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति (Nominative), बहुवचन (Plural)

• च: and
• च: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/connector)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: समुच्चय-अव्यय (conjunction)

• एव: indeed/also
• एव: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/particle)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: एव (अव्यय)
• Form: निपात (particle; emphasis)

• ऊर्णाः: the Ūrṇas (a people/tribe)
• ऊर्णाः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: ऊर्णा (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन

• दार्वाः: the Dārvās (a people/tribe)
• दार्वाः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: दार्व (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन

• सकृत्रकाः: the Sakṛtrakas (a people/tribe)
• सकृत्रकाः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: सकृत्रक (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन

• त्रिगर्ताः: the Trigartas
• त्रिगर्ताः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: त्रिगर्त (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन

• गालवाः: the Gālavās
• गालवाः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: गालव (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन

• च: and
• च: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/connector)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: समुच्चय-अव्यय (conjunction)

• एव: also/indeed
• एव: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/particle)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: एव (अव्यय)
• Form: निपात (particle; emphasis)

• किराताः: the Kirātas
• किराताः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: किरात (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन

• तामसैः: with the Tāmasas
• तामसैः: Sahakāraka (सहकारक/सह)
• Type: Noun
• Root: तामस (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, तृतीया-विभक्ति (Instrumental), बहुवचन

• सह: together with
• सह: Sahakāraka (सहकारक)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: सह (अव्यय)
• Form: सह-अव्यय (postposition; ‘with’)

Speakers

• Frame dialogue context (Markandeya Purana narrative); speaker not explicit in given excerpt

Verse Rasa

{ "primaryRasa": "shanta", "secondaryRasa": "adbhuta", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

Key Themes

• Geography
• Ethnography
• Bhāratavarṣa
• Janapadas

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

The passage situates dharma and human striving within a concretely populated Bhārata—an inhabited sacred geography. It emphasizes that the Purāṇic vision of the world includes diverse communities within the broader civilizational map.

How does this fit the Pancalakshana (5 characteristics)?

Primarily Bhūvanakośa/vaṃśānucarita-adjacent material (descriptive geography and peoples), often treated under the Purāṇic cosmographical stream supporting sarga/pratisarga contexts.

What is the esoteric significance?

Naming many peoples can be read as a mandala of human types within the karmabhūmi: the sacred land is not abstract, but a field where varied dispositions and cultures participate in karma and dharma.