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Shloka 4

Dāna-Śreṣṭhatā: On the Superiority of Giving

Maitreya–Vyāsa Exemplum

भीष्म उवाच समृद्धौ वासमृद्धौँ वा शुभे वा यदि वाशुभे । संसारेडस्मिन्‌ समायाता: प्राणिन: पृथिवीपते,भीष्मजीने कहा--पृथ्वीनाथ! इस संसारमें आये हुए प्राणी उन्नतिमें या अवनतिमें तथा शुभ या अशुभ अवस्थामें ही सुख मानते हैं। मरना नहीं चाहते। इसका क्या कारण है, यह बताता हूँ, सुनो। युधिष्ठिर! यह तुमने बहुत अच्छा प्रश्न उपस्थित किया है

bhīṣma uvāca

samṛddhau vā asamṛddhau vā śubhe vā yadi vā aśubhe |

saṃsāre 'smin samāyātāḥ prāṇinaḥ pṛthivīpate ||

Bhīṣma sprach: „O Herr der Erde, die Wesen, die in diesen Kreislauf der Welt gelangt sind, klammern sich an ihren Zustand—sei er reich oder entbehrend, glückverheißend oder unheilvoll—und nennen ihn ‘Glück’. Sie wollen nicht sterben. Ich werde den Grund dafür darlegen—höre zu.“

भीष्मःBhishma
भीष्मः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootभीष्म
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
उवाचsaid
उवाच:
TypeVerb
Rootवच्
FormPerfect, 3rd, Singular, Parasmaipada
समृद्धौin prosperity
समृद्धौ:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootसमृद्धि
FormFeminine, Locative, Singular
वाor
वा:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootवा
असमृद्धौin adversity / lack of prosperity
असमृद्धौ:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootअसमृद्धि
FormFeminine, Locative, Singular
वाor
वा:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootवा
शुभेin auspicious (circumstances)
शुभे:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootशुभ
FormNeuter, Locative, Singular
वाor
वा:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootवा
यदिif
यदि:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootयदि
वाor
वा:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootवा
अशुभेin inauspicious (circumstances)
अशुभे:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootअशुभ
FormNeuter, Locative, Singular
संसारेin the world / in saṃsāra
संसारे:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootसंसार
FormMasculine, Locative, Singular
अस्मिन्in this
अस्मिन्:
Adhikarana
TypePronoun
Rootइदम्
FormMasculine, Locative, Singular
समायाताःhaving come / arrived
समायाताः:
Karta
TypeVerb
Rootसम्-आ-या (समायात)
FormPast active participle, Masculine, Nominative, Plural
प्राणिनःliving beings
प्राणिनः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootप्राणिन्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
पृथिवीपतेO lord of the earth (king)
पृथिवीपते:
TypeNoun
Rootपृथिवीपति
FormMasculine, Vocative, Singular

भीष्म उवाच

B
Bhīṣma
Y
Yudhiṣṭhira (Pṛthivīpati)

Educational Q&A

Bhishma points to a basic human tendency: beings cling to life in every condition—good or bad—treating their present state as worth holding onto. This sets up an ethical reflection on attachment (āsakti) and the delusion that worldly states themselves constitute true happiness.

In the Anushasana Parva, Yudhisthira questions Bhishma about human conduct and inner motives. Here Bhishma begins an explanation of why living beings do not wish to die, addressing Yudhisthira as ‘lord of the earth’ and introducing a teaching about life in saṃsāra.