Shloka 42

Adhyaya 49 — Primordial Human Creation, the Rise of Desire, and the Origins of Settlements, Measures, and Agriculture

Sanskrit

पुरञ्च खेṭकञ्चैव तद्वद् द्रोणीमुखं द्विज ।

शाखानगरकञ्चापि तथा कर्वटकेन्द्रमी ॥

Transliteration

puraṃ ca kheṭakaṃ caiva tadvad droṇīmukhaṃ dvija | śākhānagarakaṃ cāpi tathā karvaṭakaṃ drami ||

Translation

হে দ্বিজ! পুর (নগর) ও খেটক (হাট-নগর/দুর্গবেষ্টিত জনপদ), তদ্রূপ দ্রোণীমুখ; আবার শাখানগরক (শাখা-নগর) ও কর্বট (ক্ষুদ্র নগর/পথবিশ্রাম জনপদ) কথিত।

Word by Word

• पुरम्: a town/city
• पुरम्: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: पुर (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया-विभक्ति (कर्म), एकवचन

• च: and
• च: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/समुच्चय)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: समुच्चय-अव्यय (conjunction)

• खेṭकम्: a market-town/fortified village (kheṭaka)
• खेṭकम्: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: खेṭक (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया-विभक्ति, एकवचन

• च: and
• च: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/समुच्चय)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: समुच्चय-अव्यय (conjunction)

• एव: indeed/just
• एव: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: एव (अव्यय)
• Form: अवधारण-अव्यय (particle of emphasis)

• तद्वत्: likewise/in the same manner
• तद्वत्: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: तद्वत् (अव्यय)
• Form: तुल्यतार्थक-अव्यय (adverb: 'likewise')

• द्रोणीमुखम्: a ‘droṇī-mukha’ type settlement
• द्रोणीमुखम्: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: द्रोणी + मुख (प्रातिपदिक; समास)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया-विभक्ति, एकवचन; षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष (द्रोण्याः मुखम्)

• द्विज: O twice-born (brahmin)
• द्विज: Sambodhana (सम्बोधन)
• Type: Noun
• Root: द्विज (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, सम्बोधन-विभक्ति (vocative/सम्बोधन), एकवचन

• शाखानगरकम्: a branch-town (śākhānagaraka)
• शाखानगरकम्: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: शाखा + नगरक (प्रातिपदिक; समास)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया-विभक्ति, एकवचन; षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष (शाखायाः नगरकम्)

• च: and
• च: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/समुच्चय)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: समुच्चय-अव्यय (conjunction)

• अपि: also
• अपि: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: अपि (अव्यय)
• Form: समुच्चय/सम्भावन-अव्यय (particle: 'also')

• तथा: thus/so
• तथा: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: तथा (अव्यय)
• Form: प्रकारवाचक-अव्यय (adverb: 'thus/so')

• कर्वटक-इन्द्रम्: the chief of karvaṭakas (karvaṭaka-indra)
• कर्वटक-इन्द्रम्: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: कर्वटक + इन्द्र (प्रातिपदिक; समास)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया-विभक्ति, एकवचन; षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष (कर्वटकानाम् इन्द्रम् = chief among karvaṭakas)

• इति: thus/so called
• इति: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: इति (अव्यय)
• Form: उद्धरण/समाप्त्यर्थक-अव्यय (quotative particle)

Speakers

• Not explicitly indicated in the provided excerpt (didactic address to a ‘dvija’ is explicit)

Verse Rasa

{ "primaryRasa": "shanta", "secondaryRasa": "", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

Key Themes

• Urban classification
• Polity and administration
• Settlement geography

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

Purāṇic instruction extends to how communities are structured; naming settlement-types implies roles, duties, and protections appropriate to each scale of habitation.

How does this fit the Pancalakshana (5 characteristics)?

Sthiti-oriented material: social maintenance through administrative clarity (what constitutes a city vs. township, etc.).

What is the esoteric significance?

Multiple settlement ‘tiers’ can be read as levels of organization in life—household, community, polity—each requiring appropriate boundaries and disciplines.