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Shloka 19

Mahābhārata-saṅkṣepa and Avatāra-kāraṇa

Brahmā’s Synopsis of the Epic and the Logic of Divine Descents

Devanagari script

युधिष्ठिरो ऽपि धर्मात्मा भ्रातृभिः परिवारितः / जितो दुर्योधनेनैव मायाद्यूतेन पापिना / कर्णदुः शासनमते स्थितेन शकुनेर्मते

Transliteration

yudhiṣṭhiro 'pi dharmātmā bhrātṛbhiḥ parivāritaḥ / jito duryodhanenaiva māyādyūtena pāpinā / karṇaduḥ śāsanamate sthitena śakunermate

Translation

ধর্মাত্মা যুধিষ্ঠিরও, ভ্রাতৃগণে পরিবৃত হয়ে, পাপী দুর্যোধনের মায়াময় পাশাখেলায় পরাজিত হলেন; কর্ণ ও দুঃশাসনের পরামর্শে এবং শকুনির কপট-চক্রান্তে তা সম্পন্ন হয়।

Word by Word
युधिष्ठिरःYudhiṣṭhira
युधिष्ठिरः:
Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootयुधिष्ठिर (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/Nominative), एकवचन
अपिalso, even
अपि:
Sambandha/Emphasis (सम्बन्ध/निपातार्थ)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootअपि (अव्यय)
Formअव्यय; निपात (particle), अर्थः ‘also/even’
धर्मात्माrighteous-souled (one whose nature is dharma)
धर्मात्मा:
Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootधर्म + आत्मन् (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/Nominative), एकवचन; षष्ठी-तत्पुरुषः (धर्मस्य आत्मा)
भ्रातृभिःby (his) brothers
भ्रातृभिः:
Karana (Instrument/करण)
TypeNoun
Rootभ्रातृ (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, तृतीया (3rd/Instrumental), बहुवचन
परिवारितःsurrounded
परिवारितः:
Karma (Object/कर्म)
TypeVerb
Rootपरि + √वृ (धातु) + क्त (कृदन्त)
Formभूतकर्मणि कृदन्त (past passive participle/क्त); पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन; कर्मणि प्रयोगे ‘surrounded’
जितःdefeated
जितः:
Karma (Object/कर्म)
TypeVerb
Root√जि (धातु) + क्त (कृदन्त)
Formभूतकर्मणि कृदन्त (past passive participle/क्त); पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन; ‘defeated’
दुर्योधनेनby Duryodhana
दुर्योधनेन:
Karana (Instrument/करण)
TypeNoun
Rootदुर्योधन (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, तृतीया (3rd/Instrumental), एकवचन
एवindeed, only
एव:
Sambandha/Emphasis (सम्बन्ध/निपातार्थ)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootएव (अव्यय)
Formअव्यय; निपात (particle), अवधारणार्थ (emphasis)
मायाद्यूतेनby deceitful gambling
मायाद्यूतेन:
Karana (Instrument/करण)
TypeNoun
Rootमाया + द्यूत (प्रातिपदिक)
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग, तृतीया (3rd/Instrumental), एकवचन; षष्ठी-तत्पुरुषः (मायायाः द्यूतम्)
पापिनाby the sinful (one)
पापिना:
Karana (Instrument/करण)
TypeAdjective
Rootपापिन् (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, तृतीया (3rd/Instrumental), एकवचन; विशेषणम् (दुर्योधनस्य)
कर्णदुःशासनमतेin the counsel/opinion of Karṇa and Duḥśāsana
कर्णदुःशासनमते:
Adhikarana (Location/अधिकरण)
TypeNoun
Rootकर्ण + दुःशासन + मत (प्रातिपदिक)
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग, सप्तमी (7th/Locative), एकवचन; षष्ठी-तत्पुरुषः (कर्णस्य दुःशासनस्य च मतम्)
स्थितेनbeing aligned/standing (with)
स्थितेन:
Karana (Instrument/करण)
TypeVerb
Root√स्था (धातु) + क्त (कृदन्त)
Formभूतकर्मणि कृदन्त (past passive participle/क्त) ‘स्थित’; पुंलिङ्ग, तृतीया (3rd/Instrumental), एकवचन; ‘being situated/abiding’
शकुनेःof Śakuni
शकुनेः:
Sambandha (Genitive relation/सम्बन्ध)
TypeNoun
Rootशकुनि (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, षष्ठी (6th/Genitive), एकवचन
मतेin the opinion/counsel
मते:
Adhikarana (Location/अधिकरण)
TypeNoun
Rootमत (प्रातिपदिक)
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग, सप्तमी (7th/Locative), एकवचन
Speaker

Uncertain (context not provided; commonly the Garuḍa Purāṇa is a dialogue between Lord Viṣṇu and Garuḍa, but this verse is Mahābhārata-narrative in tone).

Philosophical Teaching

Concept: Even the dhārmika can be overthrown when he enters a crooked game; association with deceit and addiction-like dyūta leads to ruin.

Vedantic Theme: Karma and saṅga (company) shape outcomes; rājadharma requires vigilance against moha and māyā.

Application: Avoid predatory games/financial traps; keep ethical counsel; set boundaries where consent is manipulated.

Verse Rasa

Primary Rasa: karuna

Secondary Rasa: bhayanaka

Geographic Context

Type: royal court/sabhā

Cross References

Related Themes: Garuda Purana (general): dyūta/adharma as causes of downfall; rājadharma admonitions in didactic sections (chapter-level parallels, not verse-identical).

Characters & Entities
Y
Yudhiṣṭhira
D
Duryodhana
K
Karṇa
D
Duḥśāsana
Ś
Śakuni

FAQs

This verse highlights māyā-dyūta—deceptive gambling—as a form of adharma that can overpower even a dharmic person when driven by manipulation and sinful intent.

By naming Karṇa, Duḥśāsana, and Śakuni’s counsel, the verse underscores that wrongdoing is amplified through corrupt advice and schemes—an ethical warning often used in Purāṇic instruction.

Avoid addictive or deceptive games of chance, and be vigilant about toxic influence—ethical clarity and good counsel protect one’s dharma in moments of vulnerability.

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