Sutra 10
Devanagari script
चतुष्पदद्विपदानामपि हि रूपलिङ्गसामान्यं भवति किमङ्ग पुनरेकयोनिद्रव्यकर्तृप्रसूतानां कुप्याभरणभाण्डानामिति ॥ कZ_०४.६.१० ॥
Transliteration
catuṣpadadvipadānām api hi rūpaliṅgasāmānyaṃ bhavati; kimaṅga punar ekayonidravyakartṛprasūtānāṃ kupyābharaṇabhāṇḍānām iti ।
Translation
حتى بين ذوات الأربع وذوات القدمين قد يوجد تشابه في الهيئة والعلامات المميِّزة؛ فكيف لا يكون ذلك في السلع كالمصنوعات المشغولة والحُليّ والأواني المصنوعة من مادةٍ أصلية واحدة وبيد الصانع نفسه—أي إنها قد تبدو متشابهة.
Word by Word
चतुष्पदquadrupeds (four-footed animals)
चतुष्पद:
TypeNoun
Rootचतुर् + पद
Formपुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा-षष्ठी? (समासाङ्ग; here used as first member in genitive plural compound with द्विपद); stem चतुष्पद-
द्विपदbipeds (two-footed beings)
द्विपद:
TypeNoun
Rootद्वि + पद
Formपुंलिङ्ग; षष्ठी-बहुवचन (in चतुष्पद-द्विपदानाम्); stem द्विपद-
अपिeven; also
अपि:
TypeParticle
Rootअपि
Formनिपात; concessive/emphatic
हिindeed; for
हि:
TypeParticle
Rootहि
Formनिपात; explanatory/emphatic
रूपform; appearance
रूप:
TypeNoun
Rootरूप
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग; प्रथमा-एकवचन (as member of dvandva-like list रूप-लिङ्ग-सामान्यम्); stem रूप-
लिङ्गmark; distinguishing sign
लिङ्ग:
TypeNoun
Rootलिङ्ग
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग; प्रथमा-एकवचन (as member of list); stem लिङ्ग-
सामान्यम्commonality; sameness (generic similarity)
सामान्यम्:
TypeNoun
Rootसामान्य
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग; प्रथमा-एकवचन; predicate noun with भवति; stem सामान्य-
भवतिis/occurs; becomes
भवति:
TypeVerb
Rootभू
Formलट्; परस्मैपद; प्रथमपुरुष; एकवचन
किम्what?
किम्:
TypePronoun
Rootकिम्
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग; प्रथमा/द्वितीया-एकवचन; used idiomatically in किम् अङ्ग (rhetorical)
अङ्गthen; indeed (in rhetorical emphasis)
अङ्ग:
TypeParticle
Rootअङ्ग
Formनिपात; in idiom किमङ्ग = “how much more/what then”
पुनःagain; further
पुनः:
TypeAdverb
Rootपुनः
Formअव्यय
एकone; single
एक:
TypeNumeral/Adjective
Rootएक
Formसमासाङ्ग (in एक-योनि-...); stem एक-
योनिorigin; source; womb
योनि:
TypeNoun
Rootयोनि
Formस्त्रीलिङ्ग; समासाङ्ग; stem योनि-
द्रव्यmaterial; substance; commodity
द्रव्य:
TypeNoun
Rootद्रव्य
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग; समासाङ्ग; stem द्रव्य-
कर्तृmaker; doer; producer
कर्तृ:
TypeNoun
Rootकर्तृ (from √कृ)
Formपुंलिङ्ग; समासाङ्ग; stem कर्तृ-
प्रसूतproduced; brought forth
प्रसूत:
TypeParticiple (Adjectival)
Rootप्र + √सू (प्रसव/प्रसूत)
Formभूतकृदन्त (past passive participle sense: ‘produced/issued’); समासाङ्ग; stem प्रसूत-
कुप्यbase-metal (articles); metallic goods
कुप्य:
TypeNoun/Adjective
Rootकुप्य
Formसमासाङ्ग (in कुप्य-आभरण-भाण्डानाम्); stem कुप्य-
आभरणornament; jewellery
आभरण:
TypeNoun
Rootआ + √भृ (आभरण)
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग; समासाङ्ग; stem आभरण-
भाण्डvessel; utensil; ware
भाण्ड:
TypeNoun
Rootभाण्ड
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग; षष्ठी-बहुवचन (in ...भाण्डानाम्); stem भाण्ड-
इतिthus; so (end-quote)
इति:
TypeQuotative particle
Rootइति
Formअव्यय; quotation/closure marker
Entities Mentioned
A
animals (quadrupeds/bipeds)M
manufactured goods (kupyābharaṇa-bhāṇḍa)FAQs
That visual similarity is common; therefore courts must not rely solely on appearance to identify ownership of manufactured goods.
As an analogy: if even living beings can look similar, manufactured items from the same material/maker can be even harder to distinguish without corroboration.