Turiyateeta
samnyasaAtharva1 Verses

Turiyateeta

samnyasaAtharva

《图利耶超越奥义书》(Turīyātīta Upaniṣad)属阿闼婆吠陀系统的出家(sannyāsa)奥义书。文本虽极为简短,却将《曼杜迦奥义书》所指的“图利耶”(turīya)进一步推进为“图利耶超越”(turīyātīta)——意谓“连图利耶这一指称也要超越”。其核心在于强调:究竟实在并非与醒、梦、深睡并列的“第四种状态”,而是三者之见证(sākṣin)与自明之觉知,不能被把握为经验对象。 从历史语境看,此类出家奥义书多被理解为后古典时期的产物,当时僧团制度与不二论(Advaita Vedānta)学术传统趋于成熟,“在世解脱”(jīvanmukti)的理想被更清晰地表达。其“一偈/一语”式的凝练形态,体现了将最高教义转化为可供反复观照(nididhyāsana)的箴言。 哲学主题包括:以“非此非彼”(neti neti)的否定法防止对微细概念的再物化;消融“作者/受用者”之我执;超越对待二元;并以直观智证悟我(Ātman)与梵(Brahman)无二。出家在此首先是内在的离执与不染(asaṅga),而非仅外在身份的更替。

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Key Teachings

- Turīyātīta: the Absolute is “beyond even turīya

” i.e.

beyond any conceptualized ‘fourth state’

- Ātman/Brahman as sākṣin: the ever-present witness of waking

dream

and deep sleep

- Non-objectifiability (aviṣayatva): reality cannot be grasped as an experience or mental content

- Neti neti and apophatic pedagogy: negation as a method to dissolve subtle reification

- Asaṅga (non-attachment): freedom as disidentification from body–mind and social roles

- Jīvanmukti ideal: liberation as present knowledge

not a post-mortem attainment

- Transcendence of dualities: beyond doer/enjoyer

merit/demerit

praise/blame

pleasure/pain

- Saṃnyāsa as inner renunciation: external abandonment is secondary to abidance in non-dual awareness

Verses of the Turiyateeta

1 verses with Sanskrit text, transliteration, and translation.

Verse 0

अथ तुरीयातीतावधूतानां कोऽयं मार्गस्तेषां का स्थितिरिति पितामहो भगवन्तं पितरमादिनारायणं परिसमेत्योवाच। तमाह भगवन्नारायणो योऽयमवधूतमार्गस्थो लोके दुर्लभतरो न तु बाहुल्यो यद्येको भवति स एव नित्यपूतः स एव...

于是,毗多摩诃(Pitāmaha,太祖)趋近世尊、为父者阿底那罗延(Ādi-Nārāyaṇa),启问曰:“超越第四境(turīya)之上者——turīyātīta——诸阿婆度多(avadhūta)的道路为何?其安住之境为何?”世尊那罗延答曰:“住于阿婆度多之道者,于世极其稀有,绝非寻常。若有其人,唯彼恒常清净;唯彼为离欲(vairāgya)之化身;唯彼为智(jñāna)之形相;唯彼为吠陀之人(Veda-Puruṣa)——知者如是认为。彼大丈夫,其心唯安住于我;我亦唯安住于彼。 其初,依次第而行:先为库提恰迦(kuṭīcaka),继得婆呼陀迦(bahūdaka)之位;婆呼陀迦复取天鹅行(haṁsa);天鹅行者终成最上天鹅(paramahaṁsa)。继而,由探求自性并遍知一切现象之广域,彼将杖、净水器、腰绳、兜裆与覆衣,以及一切所规定之仪轨,尽投于水;成为“空衣者”(digambara),又舍弃褪色破旧之树皮衣与兽皮等所有执持。其后,行若无咒,弃剃发、涂油、沐浴、额上竖印(ūrdhva-puṇḍra)等;并收摄世俗与吠陀之行持。于一切处,彼离福与罪,乃至舍知与无知;胜寒热、乐苦、荣辱;并焚尽——连同三种潜习(vāsanā)——称赞与毁谤、傲慢、嫉妒、伪饰、狂矜、憎恨、欲、嗔、贪、痴、喜、忿、谗害、自护之心等诸染。彼观自身如尸;无作无规,等视得失;以“牛之行”(随缘受来)维持气命,对所得不贪;令一切学问与博识之炫示化为灰烬;隐覆其真性;不自称长幼;安立不二(advaita)为至上卓绝、为一切之自我;断定除我之外别无他者。彼将神秘之“财宝”等摄归于己;不为忧苦所动,不为安乐所悦;于爱著中无欲;于吉凶善恶皆不染著;诸根寂止;不追忆往昔诸住期(āśrama)之威势、行仪、学业与法(dharma);舍弃种姓与住期之规;昼夜平等,常不眠;恒常游行;唯余此身;携一水器,水陆皆可;常不狂乱,而独行如童子、狂者或鬼魅;专尚寂默不语;以自性禅观依止“无所依”;随自我安住而忘却一切;以turīyātīta阿婆度多之相,专住不二——彼以圣音普罗那瓦(Praṇava,唵 Oṁ)之性而舍身。此人即阿婆度多;成就所当成就者——此即《奥义书》所说。

Moksha (jīvanmukti) through Turīyātīta-Avadhūta nondual abidance (Advaita) and total renunciation of upādhis