Shloka 38
Utkramaṇa-sthāna and Ariṣṭa-lakṣaṇa: Yājñavalkya’s Instruction on Departure Pathways and Mortality Signs
जब यह पुरुष पचीसतवें तत्त्वस्वरूप परमात्मामें स्थित हो जाता है, तब उसकी स्थिति उत्तम बतायी जाती है--वह ठीक बर्ताव करता है, ऐसा माना जाता है। एकत्वका बोध ही ज्ञान है और नानात्वका बोध ही अज्ञान है ।।
tattvanistattvayor etat pṛthag eva nidarśanam | pañcaviṃśatisargaṃ tu tattvam āhur manīṣiṇaḥ ||
婆悉吒言：“此即分别‘真谛’（tattva）与‘非真谛’（non-tattva）之明相。或有智者谓二十五原理皆名为真谛；或有学者谓二十四无知之原理为真谛，而以第二十五——具觉知之至上我——为非真谛，即超越并异于诸可坏之类。知一为智，执多为究竟则为无明。若人安住于第二十五之实相，其境界称为最胜，其行亦被认作真正端正。”
वसिष्ठ उवाच
Educational Q&A
The verse distinguishes between perishable categories (tattvas as analyzable principles) and the transcendent conscious reality. Some count 25 principles as tattva; others treat the 24 insentient evolutes as tattva and the 25th, the Supreme Self, as beyond them. Ethically, true right conduct is grounded in abiding in that highest reality; unity (ekatva) is knowledge, while taking multiplicity as ultimate is ignorance.
In Śānti Parva’s instructional discourse, Vasiṣṭha is teaching a listener about metaphysical discernment and its moral consequence: recognizing the Supreme Self as distinct from changing constituents leads to an ‘excellent state’ and proper conduct.