Shloka 17

Sup–Tiṅ Foundations: Prātipadika, Vibhaktis/Kārakas, and Lakāras

Tense–Mood System

Devanagari script

न कर्तृकर्मणोः षष्ठी निष्ठयोः प्रातिपदिके / द्विविधं प्रातिपदिकं नाम धातुस्तथैव च

Transliteration

na kartṛkarmaṇoḥ ṣaṣṭhī niṣṭhayoḥ prātipadike / dvividhaṃ prātipadikaṃ nāma dhātustathaiva ca

Translation

与 niṣṭhā（过去分词）相连时，不可用 ṣaṣṭhī（属格）来标示施事与受事；因为该 niṣṭhā 应视为 prātipadika（名词词干）。所谓 prātipadika 有两类：由名词而生者，以及由动词根 dhātu 而生者。

Word by Word

• न: not
• न: Sambandha (Negation/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: न (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; निषेधार्थक (particle of negation)

• कर्तृकर्मणोः: of agent and object
• कर्तृकर्मणोः: Sambandha (Genitive/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Noun
• Root: कर्तृ (प्रातिपदिक) + कर्मन् (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग (समाहारद्वन्द्व), षष्ठी (6th/षष्ठी), द्विवचन; समासः—कर्तृ च कर्म च (समाहार-द्वन्द्व)

• षष्ठी: the genitive (sixth case)
• षष्ठी: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: षष्ठी (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/प्रथमा), एकवचन; विभक्तिनाम

• निष्ठयोः: of the two niṣṭhā-affixes (kta, ktavatu)
• निष्ठयोः: Sambandha (Genitive/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Noun
• Root: निष्ठा (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग, षष्ठी (6th/षष्ठी), द्विवचन; ‘निष्ठा’ = क्त/क्तवतुप्रत्ययौ (past participial affixes)

• प्रातिपदिके: in a nominal base (prātipadika)
• प्रातिपदिके: Adhikarana (Locative/अधिकरण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: प्रातिपदिक (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, सप्तमी (7th/सप्तमी), एकवचन

• द्विविधम्: twofold
• द्विविधम्: Visheshana (Qualifier/विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: द्विविध (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/प्रथमा), एकवचन; विशेषण; समासः—द्वौ विधी यस्य (द्विगु/तत्पुरुषप्राय)

• प्रातिपदिकम्: the nominal base
• प्रातिपदिकम्: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: प्रातिपदिक (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/प्रथमा), एकवचन

• नाम: called/namely
• नाम: Sambandha (Apposition marker/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: नाम (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; नामार्थक/उपपद (particle: ‘called/namely’)

• धातुः: a verbal root
• धातुः: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: धातु (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/प्रथमा), एकवचन

• तथैव: just so/likewise
• तथैव: Sambandha (Emphasis/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: तथा (अव्यय) + एव (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्ययसमुच्चय; ‘तथा’ (thus) + ‘एव’ (indeed/just)

• च: and
• च: Sambandha (Connector/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; समुच्चयबोधक (conjunction)

Speaker

Lord Vishnu (teaching Garuda)

Philosophical Teaching

Concept: Niṣṭhā (past participle) behaves as a prātipadika; ṣaṣṭhī is not used to mark kartṛ/karman with it; prātipadika is of two kinds—nāma-derived and dhātu-derived.

Vedantic Theme: Nāma-rūpa analysis: distinguishing nominal and verbal bases to prevent category confusion in cognition.

Application: When parsing niṣṭhā forms, treat them as nominal bases and avoid forcing genitive for agent/object; apply the twofold prātipadika classification in derivational analysis.

Verse Rasa

Primary Rasa: shanta

Cross References

Related Themes: Garuda Purana 1.205.16 (kṛt usage and kartṛ/karman readings); Garuda Purana 1.205.18-20 (tiṅ/lakāra/puruṣa and ādeśa rules)

Characters & Entities

• Vishnu
• Garuda

FAQs

What is the importance of niṣṭhā (past participle) rules in the Garuda Purana?

This verse highlights that the Purana also transmits precise Sanskrit usage: niṣṭhā forms function like nominal stems (prātipadikas), so relationships like agent/object are not expressed with a simple genitive in the way one might assume.

How does this verse explain the path of the soul in the Garuda Purana?

Indirectly: it does not describe afterlife geography here, but supports correct comprehension of doctrinal passages by teaching how participial expressions and nominal bases should be interpreted.

Practical application of this wisdom today?

When reading or chanting Sanskrit texts, treat -ta/-na participles as noun-like forms and interpret agent/object relations carefully; this improves accuracy in translation, ritual recitation study, and scriptural understanding.