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Sama Veda — Pūrvārcika, Mantra 1

Aindra stuti as protective and cosmic sovereignty—Indra’s might expressed through solar greatness, household stability, and riddle-like ritual symbolism

Rishi: Unspecified here
Devata: Indra
Chandas: Unspecified here
Devanagari Script

यो राजा चर्षणीनां याता रथेभिरध्रिगुः विश्वासां तरुता पृतनानां ज्येष्ठं यो वृत्रहा गृणे

Samhita Patha

yo rājā carṣaṇīnāṃ yātā rathebhiradhriguḥ viśvāsāṃ tarutā pṛtanānāṃ jyeṣṭhaṃ yo vṛtrahā gṛṇe

Transliteration

yó2 rājā́2 carṣaṇīnā́ṃ2 yātā́2 rathebhír2 adhríguḥ2 víśvāsāṃ2 tarutā́2 pṛtanā́nāṃ2 jyéṣṭhaṃ2 yó2 vṛtrahā́2 gṛṇé2

Translation

Đấng là vua của loài người, ngự đến cùng các chiến xa, không thể bị khuất phục; là bậc chiến thắng tối thượng trong mọi trận chiến; Đấng diệt Vṛtra — chúng con tán tụng Ngài bằng thánh ca.

Pada Patha (Word Analysis)

yaḥ | rājā | carṣaṇīnām | yātā | rathebhiḥ | adhriguḥ | viśvāsām | tarutā | pṛtanānām | jyeṣṭham | yaḥ | vṛtra-hā | gṛṇe

Word by Word
यःwho (he)
यः:
Kartā
TypePronoun
Rootयद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
राजाking
राजा:
Kartā
TypeNoun
Rootराजन् (प्रातिपदिक)
चर्षणीनाम्of the peoples/men
चर्षणीनाम्:
Sambandha (Genitive relation)
TypeNoun
Rootचर्षणि (प्रातिपदिक)
याताthe goer/arriver
याता:
Kartā
TypeAdjective (participial)
Rootया (धातु) → यातृ/यात (कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिक); here ‘यात’
रथेभिःwith chariots
रथेभिः:
Karaṇa
TypeNoun
Rootरथ (प्रातिपदिक)
अध्रिगुःunhindered/unyoked (swift, not held back)
अध्रिगुः:
Kartā
TypeAdjective
Rootअध्रिगु (प्रातिपदिक; बहुव्रीहि/विशेषण)
विश्वासाम्of all (of them)
विश्वासाम्:
Sambandha (Genitive relation)
TypeAdjective (used substantively)
Rootविश्व (सर्व) → विश्वा (प्रातिपदिक; ‘all’ as fem. pl. base)
तरुताthe overcomer/crosser
तरुता:
Kartā
TypeNoun (agent)
Rootतॄ (धातु) → तरुतृ (कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिक)
पृतनानाम्of battles/armies
पृतनानाम्:
Sambandha (Genitive relation)
TypeNoun
Rootपृतना (प्रातिपदिक)
ज्येष्ठम्the foremost/eldest
ज्येष्ठम्:
Karma
TypeAdjective
Rootज्येष्ठ (प्रातिपदिक)
यःwho (he)
यः:
Kartā
TypePronoun
Rootयद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
वृत्रहाVṛtra-slayer
वृत्रहा:
Kartā
TypeNoun (epithet)
Rootवृत्रहन् (प्रातिपदिक; ‘slayer of Vṛtra’)
गृणेI praise/sing
गृणे:
(Verb) —
TypeVerb
Rootगृ (धातु; स्तुति/गान) → गृणाति
Sāman Melody Name

Unknown/unspecified

Vocal Structure

{ "prastava": "(stobha prelude establishing regal tone)", "udgitha": "yo rājā carṣaṇīnāṃ yātā rathebhiradhriguḥ", "pratihara": "viśvāsāṃ tarutā pṛtanānāṃ jyeṣṭhaṃ", "upadrava": "yo vṛtrahā gṛṇe", "nidhana": "(final cadence on ‘gṛṇe’ with communal closure)", "structure_notes": "Division follows epithet-clusters: kingship/arrival → unconquered chariot-power → universal battle-overcomer → Vṛtra-slayer praised. In sāman, epithets invite elongation.", "singer_assignments": "Standard Sāman quintuple structure among prastotṛ/udgātṛ/pratihartṛ with shared nidhana." }

Sāyaṇa Commentary

{ "gloss_summary": "Royal and battle epithets are interpreted as ritual efficacy: Indra is ‘king’ as principal recipient/protector; ‘vṛtrahā’ as remover of obstructions to sacrifice; ‘tarutā’ as one who helps the yajamāna overcome foes/impediments.", "ritual_interpretation": "Positions Indra as guardian of the sacrificial enterprise, ensuring unhindered performance and successful outcome.", "theological_insight": "Cosmic victory (over Vṛtra) is homologized with ritual victory (over obstacles).", "etymology_highlights": "‘vṛtrahā’ from vṛtra (obstruction) + han (to slay); ‘carṣaṇī’ as people/men (interpreted as human communities under Indra’s rule)." }

Ritual Application
Academic Analysis
Symbolic Meaning
Musical Layer
Rigveda Source
Soma Ritual Context
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Devata Aspects
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Yogic Application
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